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Test 2 AH Cardiac > Test 2 AH Hemo > Flashcards

Test 2 AH Hemo Flashcards

1
Q

Normal WBC

A

4-11

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2
Q

Normal RBC

A

4.3-6

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3
Q

Hemoglobin

A

13-18

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4
Q

Hematocrit

A

40-53%

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5
Q

MCV

A

78-100

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6
Q

MCH

A

27-34

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7
Q

MCHC

A

31-37

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8
Q

RDW

A

11.5-14.5

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9
Q

Platelet Count

A

130-450

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10
Q

Function of the Hematologic System

A
  • bone marrow
  • blood
  • normal iron metabolism
  • normal clotting
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11
Q

Red Blood Cells

A
  • start as stem cells
  • live 120 days
  • produce hemoglobin
  • hemoglobin loosely binds with oxygen and provides it to the tissues
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12
Q

Anemia

A

not enough RBC’s

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13
Q

Causes of Anemia

A
  • Decreased RBC Production
  • Blood Loss
  • Increased RBC Destruction
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14
Q

Anemia: Assessment

A
  • fatigue/tired
  • pallor
  • sob w/ activity
  • VS changes
  • weight loss
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15
Q

Anemia: Elderly Patients

A
  • common in older adults
  • chronic disease
  • nutritional deficiencies
  • may go unrecognized or mistaken for normal aging changes
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16
Q

Anemia: Implementation

A
  • dietary and lifestyle changes
  • blood or blood product transfusions
  • drug therapy
  • oxygen therapy
  • patient teaching
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17
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia (Micro)

A
  • most common
  • blood loss, poor GI absorption, poor diet
  • weakness, pallor, fatigue, fissures at corners of mouth, spooning, low levels of HGB, burning tongue and numbness of appendages (fingers and toes)
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18
Q

Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • adequate dietary intake
  • supplemental vitamins
  • healthy diet selection
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19
Q

Pernicious Anemia (Macro)

A
  • vitamin b12 deficiency
  • no intrinsic factor which absorbs B12 (in stomach)
  • large RBC’s (megaloblasts)
  • folate deficiency which is essential for formation of RBC’s
  • take folate orally and B12 injections for life increase proteins, vitamins and minerals
  • sore burning tongue, tingling (Nerve Problems)
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20
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A
  • destruction or hemolysis of RBC’s at a rate that exceeds production
  • jaundice, destroyed RBC’s caused increase in bilirubin
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21
Q

Causes of Hemolytic Anemia

A
  • blood transfusion Reaction
  • Infection
  • Drugs
  • Sickle Cell
  • G6PD enzyme deficiency
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22
Q

Hemorrhage

A
  • hypovolemic shock
  • reduced plasma volume
  • diminished O2
  • Trauma, complications of surgery
  • STOP, replace blood loss
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23
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia Treatments

A
  • Fluids and O2 **
  • rest
  • analgesics
  • blood transfusions
  • folic acid
  • hydroxyurea (antisickling agent)
  • erythropoietin in patient unresponsive to hydroxyurea
  • bone marrow transpant
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24
Q

Sickle Cell Pains

A
  • abdominal and long bones
  • hands and feet
  • joints and back
  • Due to hypoxia
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25
Q

Sickle Cell Complications

A
  • infections
  • stroke
  • UTIs
  • Splenomegaly
26
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A
  • Pancytopenia (decrease of all blood cell types)
  • decrease in function of bone marrow resulting in not enough new blood cells
  • exposure to carcinogenic agents, chemotherapy cause this
  • very rare, effects 4 of 1 million persons
  • erythropoeitin (promotes formation of EBC’s)/ blood/ bone marrow transplant
    Treatment: Neutropenia precautions, bone marrow transplant
27
Q

Erythropoietin

A
  • glycoprotein primarily produced in the kidneys
  • increases number of stem cells committed to RBC production
  • shortens the time to mature RBC’s
28
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A
  • too many RBC’s
  • causes blood to thicken causing viscosity, increased heart compensation
  • headace, tired, vision problems
  • a proliferative disorder in which the myeloid stem cells escape normal control mechanisms
29
Q

Secondary Polycythemia

A

caused by excessive production of erythropoietin from chronic hypoxia

30
Q

Polycythemia Manifestations

A

-thick, sticky blood which causes tissue ischemia and infarction, increased BP and angina

31
Q

Polycythemia Treatment

A
  • Fluids, steroids, remove one unit of blood away monthly

- remove cause (tumor), Phlebotomy, hydration to minimize complications, give immunosuppressants

32
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A
  • decreased production of platelets
  • increased destruction of platelets
  • increased consumption of platelets
  • TTP rare
33
Q

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) Treatment

A
  • immunosuppressants
  • soft tooth brushes
  • steroids
  • immunogobulin
  • plasmapheresis
  • meds to in inhibit platelet aggregation
34
Q

Autonimmune or Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) Treatment

A
  • drug therapy to prevent production of antiplatelet antibodies
  • platelet transfusions
  • maintain safe environment
35
Q

Leukocytosis

A
  • increase in white blood cells

- usually a sign of infection

36
Q

Leukopenia

A

decrease in functional WBC’s

37
Q

Leukemia

A

-over production of WBC’s
- cancer of immature WBC’s
- excessive leukocytes
Treatment: corticosteriods, hydroxyurea, bone marrow transplant, cytoxin (chemo and immunosuppressant), radiation

38
Q

AML

A

most common adult leukemia (frequently caused by previous chemotherapy)

39
Q

ALL

A

most common in children

40
Q

CML

A
  • includes polycythemia vera
  • presence of Philadelphia Chromosome in leukemic cells
  • progresses in three stages
41
Q

CLL

A

rare type of leukemia that occurs most often in people older than 50

42
Q

Acute Leukemia

A
  • early arrest of cell maturation
  • block of cell production precursor
  • many blast cells
43
Q

Chronic Leukemia

A

mature of near mature cells with function

44
Q

Causes of Leukemia

A
  • combination of genetic and environmental influences
  • chemical agents
  • chemotherapeutic agents
  • viruses
  • radiation
  • immunologic deficiencies
45
Q

Leukemia: clinical manifestations

A

anemia, bleeding, infection, weight loss, bone pain, liver/spleen enlargement

46
Q

Leukemia: Diagnosis

A

blood tests, bone marrow biopsy

47
Q

Leukemia: Treatment

A
  • bone marrow transplantation
  • stem cell transplant
  • combination chemotherapy
  • radiation therapy
48
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A
  • immunodeficiency of the bone marrow
49
Q

Multiple Myeloma: Manifestations

A
  • hypercalcemia, caused by calcium being lost though bone seaping into blood.
  • Bence Jones Proteins, renal failure, bone pain and weakness due to loss of calcium
50
Q

Multiple Myeloma: Treatment

A
  • chemotherapy
  • fluids
  • pain meds
  • not curable
51
Q

Malignant Lymphoma

A

solid tumors - particularly affecting lymph nodes and spleen

52
Q

Hodgkin Disease

A
  • Lymphoma in lymph glands
  • positive Reed-sternberg cells
  • arises from a single node and spreads
  • night sweats
  • often early diagnosis (fever of unknown origin)
  • 75% cure, 20 year survival
  • stages 1 and 2, radiation
  • stages 3 and 4, chemo and radiation
53
Q

When Taking iron…

A
  • take supplements with vitamin C
  • z track injection
  • eggs
54
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  • herditary, uncurable, rigid and sticky and are shaped like sickles or crescent moons
  • altitude and cold make it worse
55
Q

Vasoocclusive Crisis

A
  • fluids
  • oxygen
  • analgesics
  • rest
56
Q

Sequestration Crisis

A
  • sickle cells clump together and the organs (spleen) enlarge
  • splenectomy
57
Q

Agranulocytosis

A
  • absent components of WBC
  • Meds to cause it: chemoterapy, radiation
  • a deficiency of granulocytes in the blood, causing increased vulnerability to infection.
  • neutropenic precautions
58
Q

Hodgkin Disease: Who gets it?

A
  • peaks in mid to late 20’s

- >50 (males affected more)

59
Q

Hodgkins: Causes

A
  • probably viral or chemical
  • usually originates in a single or chain of nodes
  • Reed-Sterberg Cells
60
Q

Hodgkins: Assessment

A
  • enlarged painless node or nodes
  • fever
  • malaise
  • night sweats
61
Q

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A
  • cancer of the lymph tissue that are not hodgkin’s
  • no reed sternberg cells
  • ages 50+
62
Q

Symptoms of anemia

A

-yellowing of eyes
-SOB
-weakness
-change is stool color
-fatigue
-low BP
-spleen enlargment
-cold skin
Sever anemia
-fainting
-angina
-MI

Test 2 AH Cardiac (2 decks)

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