TEST 2 Flashcards
what are the sample requirements for hematology
EDTA anti coagulated
not clotted
what does RBC stand for
red blood cells
do males or females have more RBC count
males
why do males have more RBC
bigger
no period
RBC have ____ which carries _____ to the body
hemoglobin
oxygen
what does WBC stand for
white blood cell
what can you indicate from increased # of total WBC
infection
what can you indicate from high sub population of WBC
type of infection
if a patient has a lot of neutrophils what kind of infection do they have
bacterial
if a patient has a lot of lymphocytes what kind of infection do they have
viral
what can you indicate from abnormal proliferation of WBC
cancer
what are platelets involved in
clotting
if there is a mutation in the hemoglobin what does this lead to
increased # of RBCs
what is hematocrit
% of RBCs in whole blood
what is mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
how big your red cell is
what is the term of below range of MCV
microcytes
what is the term of in range of MCV
normocytes
what is the term of above range of MCV
macrocytes
what is mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
average amount of hemoglobin per RBC
what is the term of below range of MCH
hypochromic
what is the term of above range of MCH
hyperchromic
what is mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
average hemoglobin in a given volume of RBC volume
if high mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) what should you expect
agglutination
in a normal person how many bell curves should they have in a RBC histogram graph
1
what would you be looking at if you were finding clots, estimating platelets, and looking for weird RBCs and WBCs
peripheral blood smear
what can a CBC tell you
anemia
infection
leukemia
clotting
what is the general rule called for RBC abnormality
rule of 3
function of WBC
fights infections
what does the % equal on a blood printout
relative
percentage x WBCC=
absolute
what is the most common WBC
neutrophil
what kind of WBC gets bigger as it reacts
lymphocyte
what kind of WBC is the largest leukocyte and a phagocytic cell
monocyte
what kind of WBC has pink granules
eosinophil
what kind of WBC is elected in allergies and worm infections
eosinophil
what kind of WBC is the smallest % in your body
basophil
when there is an increase in basophils what can this indicate
chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
what is the name of an immature RBC
reticulocyte
what does a left shift mean
lots of immature cells
what is malaria
RBC parasites
instrument that measure light transmitted by a solution to determine the conc of the light absorbing substance in the solution
spectrometer
what are the 2 basic principles of the spectrometer
- substances absorb light at a unique wavelength
- amount of light absorbed is proportional to the amount of substance that is present
what is beer’s law
absorbance equals conc
how do you find the value of a calibrator
assay 100x and then get a value
what is a standard
something with a known value
how does QC work
you get the absorbance and compare it to the standard to find the conc
what is a deviation
when a sample gets so concentrated that it can not be read correctly
what does your body produce when you have high blood sugar
insulin
what does your body produce when you have low blood sugar
glucagon
osmosis
the movement of water through a semi-permeable mmb to a more concentrated area
what is the name for a RBC in a hypertonic environment
plasmolysis
what is the name for a RBC in a hypotonic environment
cytolysis
what does cytolysis lead to
hemolysis
why is water not put into veins
it will burst RBC
what are the electrolytes
sodium
potassium
chloride
what is not common on a metabolic panel
calcium
what are electrolytes
ions that dissolve in water
what regulates water and osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid compartment
sodium
what can potassium effect in the body
heart
what is the most likely cause of preanalytical specimen error
potassium
if you have too much potassium what does it cause
cardiac issues, weakness, and tingling
if you have too little potassium what does it cause
cardiac issues
what is used to diagnose water and electrolyte imbalance
chloride
what is used to diagnose acid-base imbalances
bicarbonate
true or false: bicarbonate is volatile and needs to be capped most of the time
true
what is lost when you sweat
electrolytes and water
what happens if you just drink water when you workout
you just replace the water that is lost and not the electrolytes
if you were designing a sports drink what would you put in it?
water and electrolytes
alcohol _____- it stops the hormone that tells you to _____ water
dehydrates
absorb
what is the best hangover cure
anything isotonic
what kind of calcium is active
free
what kind of calcium is inactive
bound
what would cause too much calcium in your body
bone breakdown
what is a product of protein and amino acid metabolism
blood urea nitrogen
what is measured to see how fast the kidney is filtering the blood
creatinine/GFR
what is a product of muscle metabolism, is a function of muscle, is not absorbed, and is freely filtered
creatinine/GFR
what does GFR stand for
glomerular filtration rate
what is used to diagnose and screen diabetes
carbs
what kind of sample is used to diagnose diabetes
fasting sample
what kind of solution is saline
isotonic
what kind of solution is dextrose
isotonic, sugar
what is in a clot
RCB
platelets
fibrin strands
what ion is important in clotting
calcium
what is the ratio of a citrate tube
90% blood
10% citrate
what are the requirements for a citrate tube
not hemolyzed
not clotted
what happens if you don’t fill enough in a citrate tube?
there is too much anticoagulant
what happens if you fill a citrate tube too much?
the blood is not Anticoagulated enough —-> false results
what is warfin dependent on
vitamin k
what does heparin affect
antithrombin
what is hemophilia A missing
factor 8
what hemophilia B missing
factor 9
missing coagulation factors = _____ _____ make clots
can not
what does CSF stand for
cerebral spinal fluid
meningitis
spine infection
affects brain
How do you know you have a hemorrhage in the spine
There’s blood in all tubes
what is in synovial fluid if a patient has gout
crystals
function of pleural fluid
moisten the pleural surfaces
how do they get pleural fluid out
Suck it out with a needle
What kind of fluid would be caused by ruptured abdominal organ hemorrhage from trauma
peritoneal
how can you differentiate between skin cell and a blood cell
skin cells have a Nuclei
what kind of cast in urine is not pathologic
hyaline
what kind of crystals are in alkaline urine
Triple phosphate
true or false: it would be a good idea to test the samples of family members
false
why can’t you post about any of the work you do in the lab on the internet
HIPAA guidelines
what is informed consent
the patient is aware of possible risks and procedures
what is HIPAA
patient health information confidentiality
what is the study of poisons
toxicology
what kind of testing requires documentation of the chain of custody of a sample
Forensic testing
what does OSHA stand for
occupational safety and health administration
what is OSHA
ensures safe and healthy working conditions
what would describe hazards, safe handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals
SDS
what can be worn to tell someone how much radiation they have received
radiation film badge
what are the most common types of fires
A, B, and C
define ergonomics
worker’s exposure to hazards that lead to cumulative trauma disorders and related illnesses and injuries
what organ does HBV and HCV effect
liver
what disease attacks the immune system
HIV
what does HIV turn into
AIDS
how does regular soap work?
traps bacteria in soap —> rinsed off
how does antimicrobial soap work?
bacteria is killed on hands
