test 2 Flashcards
socities differ in—
the extent they emphasize sex based differences and how they enact gender roles and gender differences
why do we care about gender
effects education, gender wage gap, sex segregation in workplace, crime and violence, woman in politics
what is sex
The biological distinction between male and female. (ppl want to see it on a spectrum) associated with biology in our society
what is gender
refers to the culturally learned notions of masculinity and femininity
what is gender socialization
The process that links gender to personal identity in the form of gender identity and to distinctive activities in the form of gender roles.
Gender roles
Patterns of behavior society expects of males and females and that all members of the society learn, to a greater or lesser extent, as part of the socialization process
Gender socialization primary stage
environment to mold us in certain roles in childhood and teenage years. most impact. reproduce and learn gender patterns
Gender Socialization secondary stage
Adulthood can be transformative but most part not same impact as primary stage
Socialization experiences inform how we engage with others and place in society
Gender Socialization can occur in 4 places
home, school, peers, media
Gender in the Media
Television and other media can be powerful agents of socialization
Woman portrayal in the media
Women are frequently portrayed as highly sexualized, subordinate, or in traditional family roles
films women still portrayed as nurturing
Men Portrayal in the Media
Men are frequently portrayed as handsome, straight, and physically strong and capable
Masculine beauty is wider than what’s afforded to women
men’s sexualization more in control here women seen as passive actors of sexuality
Table finds on gender portrayals in media
men’s sexualization more in control here women seen as passive actors of sexuality
First most common women stereotyped they don’t exist or underrepresented
Not 50% of screen time or characters that are lead
women seen as passive actors of sexuality
Women in traditional roles, submissive and beautiful young and provide pleasure to men
Gender Stratification
Gender influences how we distribute power
Society strife by gender unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege across gender
gender and education baby boomer and millennial men which kind of diploma
Baby boomer and millennial men hold more trade diplomas
Women of both generations hold more college diplomas
gender and education Woman of both generations hold more..
Women of both generations hold more college diplomas
Millennial women hold more….. than men of the same generation
Millennial women hold more bachelor’s, medical, and master’s degrees than men of the same generation
Men overrepresented in medical degrees
Shifting culture norms may be able to explain the increase of women in
post-secondary education and their better career options but woman have to spread time thinner than men
Men Have more degrees in
Men still majority in PhD but huge improvement where men were 68 doctor graduate
Shift in culture women encouraged to be educated also bc allow women better career options
Men overrepresented in medical degrees
Arlie Hochschild: The second shift
Second shift, come home for work still has to do care work second shift
omen married who had kids 6 and under
Women sped more time dealing with house and children
Do more multitasking
family side You can work as long as you can do both and
occupation says opposite
Government not gonna help
Happiest families share second shift
Employers and education second shift
employers don’t support family’s life and flexibility
Women do more domestic work
Despite changing trend in practice women experience more limited opportunities in education, work and legal rights bc take on burden of child care
Gender Wage Gap
Government not gonna help
Happiest families share second shift
Men make more than women at every educational level
This leads to a feminization of poverty women more likely to be poor
lack access to same opportunity then men
division education fields
Despite more visibility still concentrated in care related fields where men pursue science fields
Not having flexible schedule doesn’t allow women access to these positions
Sex segregation in the workplace
The wage gap between men and women is decreasing as they become more equally visible in the labour market
Women are still concentrated within traditional female occupations:
Women pursue care-related fields
Men pursue science and economic-based careers
Not having flexible schedule doesn’t allow women access to these positions
Glass ceiling effect
women given same opportunities but don’t achieve top positions
Decisions of promotions in private sector not willing to offer women to managerial positions bc afraid they will take care of family’s
Glass Escalator
Glass escalator making men making more in female dominated careers
Nursing has been hose careers where women could excel bc promoted and capitalized on role of being nurturers
woman in politics voting
Ability to vote suffrage movement turning point in path women achieving equality
Women also more prevalent in public sphere
Woman in politics (politicians)
Women in politics 84 women held 27 out of 300 seats to change in 2011 76 improvement but far away from equality
s consistent critique of women politicians
Need 30 percent of women to be in legislature….
to represent women’s concern and have a cascading effect in business
Functionalist say women in politics is threating..
balance of society but that’s how we achieve equality women
Why is it hard for women to break into politics
Women are traditionally relegated to the private sphere making it hard to break into politics
Men are at a greater risk of physical assault, while women are at a greater risk of
sexual assault.
Most instances of non-consensual sex occurs between people who
are known to each (i.e., friends, or even relatives
What is Sexual harassment
Any unwanted physical or verbal conduct directed towards a person that is sexually offensive or humiliating
Stalking (criminal harassment)
A menacing form of relationship abuse that may evolve into emotional/ psychological, violent physical and/or sexual abuse.
Self-Esteem, appearance and fertility
Gender discrimination has social-psychological costs because..
The media spotlight on body image is far more intense for women than for men
Why are men more likely to commit suicide
Men effect not supposed to cry or show emotions also taught not to seek cooperation form peers more likely to commit suicide showing weakened of human nature discouraging living shorter than women
Before more women policed also spreading on men
Eating disorders on men
gendered crime and violence women vast majority of victims because
and a lot in domestic situations Women greater risk of violence’s from dating parochial beliefs who should do what in spousal situations make it so women are more likely to be victims Rape, news where women in public spaces are victim of rape
An awareness of subordinate status in society or a failure to achieve the stereotypical ideal female body results in:
Decreased self-esteem
Increased depression
Other psychological problems
Young women who report few long-term goals and stable relationships are more likely to….. and results in
bear children in adolescence.
results in an end to the mother’s education and a limit to the child’s economic future
Structural functionalism on gender concerned on keeping the…
privileging the status quo
Structural functionalism seeks to understand how gender and inequality
contributes to the well-being of society
Structural functionalism what other perspectives would define as inequality they define as
define as structural necessity
Structural functionalism gender most efficient way to carry out tasks because…
Think of different aspects of society as interrelated
Inequality in some aspects not only efficient but effective
Gender inequality, effective household arrangement
No longer effective arrangement
Structral functionlism weakness in gender
variation we have encounter changes with type of economy
And as we advanced in agriculture wealth protection meant men had to use aggressiveness to make sure that agricultural tools and crops were protected and lead to patriarchy
We are living in society where we are moving towards a fully automated world
Physical tasks by machines that take out that component of biological difference that exist between between men and women
those minute differences that. Might have priviliged certain jobs for men are not applicable and structuralist functionalism cant integrate
Conflict Theory (gender): seeks to understand who benefits from
particular types of social arrangements.
Conflict theory: Capitalist’s benefit from gender inequality
gender inequality women work without pay
They benefit bc workers need care and they don’t have support system they would be less effective and women’s work unpaid so it benefits them not to employ them
Feminist Theory views gender inequality as
as almost universal.
Symbolic interactionism : seeks to understand how gender is
unequally negotiated, symbolized, and communicated in the society.
Symbolic interactionism gender inequalities at a ….level because
micro
focus on ways in which socialization and labels shape identity
Most variations between men and women are culturally learned
Many ppl say gender and sex is same thing
Social Constructionism seeks to understand when and how
gender inequality emerged.
Social Constructionism says Gender not natural bc
we need rules that become second nature
Social Constructionism gender is not as important as it used to be bc
economy mediated by machines
Individuals with alternative sexual orientation have faced
discrimination, ridicule, exclusion, and violence for years
Heteronormativity: A system that
normalizes behaviours to follow societal expectations that are based on heterosexuality
Homosexuality:
One’s sexual attraction to people of a specific sex or sexes
LGBTQ
An acronym for “lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer”; often used to speak of the community of people who identify with these orientations
Hate crimes
: Acts of violence that send a public message of intolerance
Stigmatization: The process of
describing or regarding something considered to be disgraceful with great disapproval
