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Physiology Test 2 > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is increased with emphysema?

A

duration of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volumes.

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2
Q

What is another word for breathing hunger?

A

dyspnea

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3
Q

Over-inflation of the lungs is called what?

A

Barrel chest.

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4
Q

heavy breathing is done by what?

A

rib cage based.

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5
Q

Restful breathing is done by what?

A

diaphragmatic based.

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6
Q

Why do we need to change the shape of the chest to breath?

A

It changes the pressure on the lungs.

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7
Q

What type of pressure is on the pleural cavity?

A

Negative pressure.

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8
Q

What causes negative pressure in the pleural cavity?

A

Low blood pressure in pulmonary circulation and tension created by elastic recoil.

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9
Q

What will surfactin do?

A

Helps prevent the collapsing tendency of alveoli due to the presence of water on walls. It lessens the H2O effect.

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10
Q

What is an accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity as a result of disease or injury called?

A

Pneumothorax.

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11
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

a collapse of an area or a lobe that leaves a shrunked or airless state.

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12
Q

What is the primary cause of atelectasis?

A

luminal obstruction.

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13
Q

What is a serious condition where-in the respiratory membranes fail?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome.

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14
Q

What is the most common type of respiratory distress syndrome? What causes it?

A

Infant form. Due to the lack of surfactin.

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15
Q

Respiration all comes down to what?

A

changes in transmural pressure.

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16
Q

What is transmural pressure?

A

Pressure difference between intrapleural and intrapulmonic.

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17
Q

Changing volume due to changing pressure is called what?

A

Compliance.

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of work needed to be done with inhalation?

A
  1. compliance work. 2. tissue resistance work. 3. Airway work.
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19
Q

Work = what?

A

work= force x distance.

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20
Q

What is force and what is distance?

A

force= pressure, distance = volume.

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21
Q

With complance work all engery is converted to what?

A

Air movement.

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22
Q

What is tissue resistance work?

A

The work needed (or lost) to move tissues around.

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23
Q

What is airway work?

A

It is the work needed (or lost) to overcome drag on all respiratory tree linings.

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24
Q

Just like r^4 was important for blood flow what is R in the respiratory system?

A

R= air way drag.

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25
Q

What is the prime determinate of airway work?

A

R^4.

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26
Q

When will tissue work become a factor in breathing?

A

very low with diaphragmatic, but high with ribcaged- breathing.

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27
Q

Where will the work go when we inhale?

A

It goes into the elasticity of the lungs.

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28
Q

What work is used for exhalation?

A

We use the stored work from inhalation.

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29
Q

What work is needed to exhale?

A

Some tissue and airway work.

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30
Q

What is free work of expiration?

A

All besides deducting some for tissue and airway work.

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31
Q

What is the total body work used to breath at rest?

A

about 3%.

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32
Q

What is the total body work used to breath when exercising?

A

wont exceed 5%.

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33
Q

What would airway restrictions and tissue scaring do to the work of breathing?

A

Greatly increase work of breathing.

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34
Q

What is spirometry?

A

Studying ventilation by measuring lung volume chages over time.

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35
Q

What is the regular amount of air ventilated per breath at rest and what is it called?

A

about 500 ml and it is called tidal volume.

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36
Q

What is the amount and name of the air that can be inhaled after tidal volume?

A

about 3000 ml and it is called inspiratory reserve volume.

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37
Q

What is the amount and name of the air that can be exhaled after tidal volume?

A

about 1000ml and it is called expiratory reserve volume.

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38
Q

What is expiratory reserve + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve called and what is the level?

A

about 4500 ml and it is called vital capacity.

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39
Q

What is the amount of air in the lungs after complete exhalation?

A

about 1000ml and it is called residual volume.

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40
Q

What is the vital capacity + residual volume?

A

about 55000ml and it is called total lung capacity.

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41
Q

What is routinely measured as a clinical assessment of the lungs?

A

Vital capacity.

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42
Q

What are 2 things that can greatly influence vital capacity?

A
  1. Anatomical factors ( body size and type). 2. Physiological factors (muscle strength).
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43
Q

What are abnormal anatomical factors that influence the vital capacity?

A

kyphosis and respiratory paralysis.

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44
Q

What are abnormal physiological factors that influence the vital capactiy?

A

Pulmonary congestion or reduced compliance.

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45
Q

Besides measuring volume and capacity of the lungs what can be measured?

A

Time.

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46
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

Time it takes to get the vital capacity out.

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47
Q

What is forced expiratory volume?

A

The amount of vital capacity exhaled in 1 second.

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48
Q

What is the forced expiratory volume for a healthy young person in 1 second?

A

about 70-90 %.

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49
Q

What is the forced expiratory volume for a healthy young person in 3 seconds?

A

about 80-100%.

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50
Q

What is the average flow during middle part of forced vital capacity called?

A

forced expiratory flow.

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51
Q

What is the average forced expiratory flow?

A

about 25-75%

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52
Q

What type of disorder is asthma?

A

An obstructive disorder.

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53
Q

What is the minute respiratory volume?

A

total new air moved into the respiratory system per minute.

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54
Q

How can we calculate the minute respiratory volume?

A

tidal volume + respiratory rate.

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55
Q

What is the average minute respiratory volume?

A

6000ml/ min.

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56
Q

If we breath more frequently our respiratory rate goes up and what else happens?

A

tidal volume goes down to keep minute respiratory volume at 6000ml/min.

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57
Q

Why will the body stay around 500ml breathed in 12 times per minute?

A

It will minimize work.

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58
Q

Minute respiration does not equal what?

A

The amount of air arriving at alveoli.

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59
Q

What is the amount of air arriving at alveoli per minute called?

A

Minute alveolar volume.

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60
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

The large airways where air is that will not get to participate in gas exchange.

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61
Q

How much of the lungs are just anatomical dead space?

A

150ml.

62
Q

How can we determine minute alveolar volume?

A

Take the tidal volume of 500ml - dead space of 150ml and then multiply by 12 breaths per minute and get 4200ml/minute.

63
Q

Emphysema is crudely know as what?

A

COPD or chronic obstrictive pulmonary disease.

64
Q

What usually causes emphysema?

A

Smoking.

65
Q

Why will smoking cause emphysema?

A

Smoke causes neutrophils to destroy particulate and normal lung tissue, and smaller airways collapse.

66
Q

Why is exhalation hard in emphysema?

A

Loss of elastin. Resulting in big barrel chests.

67
Q

What are the symptoms of mountain sickness?

A

decreased mental function, muscle function, and dyspnea with decreased O2

68
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 that we breath in?

A

Po2= 160 mmHg, Pco2= o mmHg

69
Q

Gas gets humidified as it is breathed in and which gases are soluable and which are not?

A

O2 not very soluabel, but Co2 is very slouble.

70
Q

Co2 is ________ times more soluable than O2.

A

Twenty.

71
Q

Diffusion is a function of what 3 things?

A
  1. Conc. Gradients. 2. Solubility. 3. Nature of any barriers.
72
Q

What are 2 anatomical factors of the lungs when it comes to gas exchange and how important are they?

A
  1. Area. 2. distance. Both are not a factor is healthy people because the lungs have lots of area and the distance for diffusion is very small.
73
Q

What is the most important part of gas exchange?

A

Gas partial pressures. It is the only factor left because area/distance is anatomy, and solublity/mW is chemistry.

74
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the lungs?

A

O2= 105 mmHg, Co2= 40 mmHg

75
Q

Since old air is mixed with new air when we breath how many breaths are needed to fully exchange gases?

A

Ten or more.

76
Q

The lungs absorbe(disappearance) and produce(liberation) what?

A

Absorbe O2 and produce co2

77
Q

What is the most important part of making sure the lungs absorbe O2 and produce Co2?

A

Ventilation which exchanges gases.

78
Q

How much O2 is consumed at rest per minute?

A

250 ml/min.

79
Q

How much Co2 is produced by the lungs per minute at rest?

A

200 ml/min.

80
Q

Once again what is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the lungs?

A

O2= 105 mmHg, Co2= 40 mmHg

81
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the air we breath?

A

Po2= 160 mmHg, Pco2= o mmHg

82
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the arteries?

A

Po2= 95 mmHg, Pco2= 40

83
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the capillaries?

A

Po2= 40 mmHg, Pco2= 45

84
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the Veins?

A

Po2= 40 mmHg, PCo2= 45

85
Q

What will be a very important factor in maintaining all of these partial pressures?

A

Ventilation- perfusion ratio. We need to keep bringing in fresh air and we need blood to flow.

86
Q

What is the forumla for venitaltion- perfusion ratio?

A

V/Q

87
Q

What happens when V/Q is zero?

A

There is no V or ventilation and this occurs with a physiological shunt of the air ways.

88
Q

What happens to Partial air pressures with a physiological shunt of airways?

A

The Po2 drops and PCo2 increases.

89
Q

Why is a blockage of the airways called a physiological shunt?

A

It is like the blood did not even flow to the lungs in that area because no gas exchange took place.

90
Q

What happens when V/Q is infinity?

A

there is no flow of blood and a physiological dead space is formed.

91
Q

What happens to partial air pressures with no blood flow?

A

Increased o2 to about 160 mmHg, and decreased Co2 to about zero.

92
Q

What is a physicological dead space?

A

Like anatomical no gas exchange takes place, but not due to anatomoy but because no blood is flowing here.

93
Q

Volume of air brought to the alevoli is 4.2 l/minute and blood flow is about 5 l/min in average bodies and so what is the normal V/Q?

A

about 0.8

94
Q

will all of the lungs V/q equal 0.8?

A

No the top 1/3 is higher and middle 1/3 is 0.8, but bottom 1/3 is low.

95
Q

What will decreased O2 do to an area and why?

A

Vasoconstrict blood flow to preserve the overall V/Q.

96
Q

Oxygenatin of blood and taking out Co2 at rests happens how fast?

A

The first 1/3 of capillary travel.

97
Q

Why will arterial Po2 drop so fast from _____ to ____?

A

from 105 to 95, because top, middle , and bottom 1/3’s of the lungs all mix their blood here.

98
Q

What is the po2 of ECM, cytoplasm, and mitochondria?

A

ECM- 40 mmHg, Cytoplasm- 25 mmHg, Mitochondria- 5 mmHg.

99
Q

What is the arterio- venous oxygen difference?

A

The amout of O2 removed by tissues.

100
Q

What is systemic venous blood pressure of PCO2?

A

45 mmHg.

101
Q

What are the 2 ways O2 travels in the blood? What % are they found at?

A
  1. 3% as dissolved gas. 2. 97% bound to hemoglobin.
102
Q

How much O2 is used every minute in the entire body?

A

about 250 ml O2.

103
Q

How much O2 is used per 100/ml of blood?

A

about 5 ml O2.

104
Q

Arterial Po2 is how saturated?

A

95-100%.

105
Q

Venous Po2 is how saturated?

A

70%.

106
Q

Why will only about 30% of O2 be used?

A

So we have a reserve for increased activity. It can be very responsive.

107
Q

Why wont increasing Po2 breathed in increase saturation of O2 in blood?

A

Because It is fully saturated at Po2-105 mHg.

108
Q

What can increase the amount of O2 that will be used or removed from Hemoglobin?

A

The Bohr effect.

109
Q

What causes the bohr effect?

A

Increased H+, Increased temperature, or Increased 2-3-DPG.

110
Q

What will the Bohr effect do to the hemoglobin curve?

A

shift it to the right.

111
Q

What are the 3 ways Co2 is transported in the blood and what are the %?

A
  1. 7% as dissolved gas. 2. 23% bound to hemoglobin. 3. 70% transported as bicarbonate ion.
112
Q

Co2 + H2O ?

A

H2Co3.

113
Q

Co2 + H2O H2Co3 ?

A

h+ and Hco3 -

114
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

H2Co3.

115
Q

Where in blood is Carbonic annhyrase made?

A

RBC.

116
Q

What is bicarbonate?

A

Hco3-.

117
Q

Bicarbonate is carried in the blood how?

A

RBC send them out to the plasma to be carried.

118
Q

How will RBC maintain their chemical charge as they release a Bicarbonate (Hco3-)?

A

The chloride shift. They take a chloride in.

119
Q

What happens to a RBC when it passes through the tissue capillaries?

A

Increased Co2 and H+, increases Bicarbonate Hco3-, plamsa levels of CL- are decreased and picked up in RBC, and O2 is delivered at greater rates because of the bohr effect when RBC release some H+ from H2Co3—–> H+ and Hco3-.

120
Q

Wht happens to a RBC when it passes through the lung capillaries?

A

decreased Co2, Increased Ph, decreased HCO3-, plasma will take Cl- from RBC, Increased O2.

121
Q

What is the haldane effect?

A

Like a reverse Bohr effect, O2 coming into RBC brings H+ ions in the RBC, and this drives the release of carbonic acid to co2.

122
Q

What happens with ondine curse?

A

No involuntary or automatic control of breathing.

123
Q

What part of the brain is mostly involved in respiratory drive?

A

The medulla.

124
Q

What subcenters are there in the medullary center for breathing?

A

Inspiration neurons and expiration neurons.

125
Q

What things can change breathing?

A

Almost anything.

126
Q

How many inputs are there to the respiratory control center?

A

Many inputs.

127
Q

The respiratory control center has many inputs and it sends its outputs to where?

A

Spinal cord motor neurons. LMN’s.

128
Q

Spinal cord motor neurons send outputs to where for breathing?

A

Muscles of the thorax (diaphragm and chest musculature).

129
Q

The respiratory control center consists of what, and where is it?

A

Neuron pools in the upper meddula and some in the pons.

130
Q

Name the 4 parts of the respiratory control center?

A
  1. Dorsal respiratory group. 2. Ventral respiratory group. 3. Pneumotaxic center. 4. chemosensitive area.
131
Q

The dorsal respiratory group has what type of neurons?

A

Inspiratory neurons.

132
Q

The ventral respiratory group has what type of neurons?

A

Inspiratory and expiratory neurons.

133
Q

The pneumotaxic center is wired into what?

A

The inspiratory neurons of the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups.

134
Q

The Dorsal respiratory group receives info from where?

A

From chemoreceptros, barorecpetors and lung stretch receptors.

135
Q

The chemosensitive area neurons are responsive to what?

A

Chemistry in the CSF.

136
Q

The chemosesnsitive area is wired into where?

A

The inspiratory neurons of dorsal respiratory group.

137
Q

What is the main respiratory drive at rest?

A

The dorsal respiratory group.

138
Q

What type of rhythm will the dorsal respiratory group have?

A

A ramped signal. Rises for a few seconds and then abruptly collapses.

139
Q

What limits the depth of a breath by inhibiting the inspiratory neurons?

A

The pontine pneumotaxic center.

140
Q

What will increased and decreased pneumotaxic action do?

A

Increased- short inspiration, decreased- lengthen inspiration.

141
Q

As the ramp magnitude is increased what becomes involved?

A

The ventral respiratory group which has both inspiratory and expiratory neurons.

142
Q

What are 3 major ways to modify the ventilation cycle?

A
  1. Voluntary override by the brain’s higher centers. 2. Physical input stretch from lung receptors. 3. Blood chemistry evaluation.
143
Q

What tracts will the higher center of the brain use to bypass the involuntary breathing process?

A

Corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts.

144
Q

Stretch receptors in the lungs when stretched send signals up the vagus nerve to decrease ventilation and this is know as what?

A

Hering- breuer reflex.

145
Q

What is the main control of ventilation from peripheral receptors?

A

The blood chemistry evaluation.

146
Q

What Blood chemistry evaluation receptor is sensitive to H+ levels?

A

The central chemoreceptor.

147
Q

When the central chemoreceptor that is super sensitive to H+ levels is stimulated by increased H+ levels it will do what?

A

Increase ventilation rate by stimulating the dorsal respiratory group.

148
Q

What type of blood chemistry evaluation receptor is sensitive to O2?

A

The peripheral chemoreceptor.

149
Q

Which receptor is more sensitive the central or peripheral chemorecpetor?

A

The Central.

150
Q

When will the peripheral chemoreceptors begin to fire?

A

When arterial Po2 is falling below 100 mmHg.

151
Q

When peripheral chemoreceptors fire what happens?

A

Increased respiration by stimulating the dorsal respiratory group.

Physiology Test 2 (1 decks)

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