Test 2

Question 1

How can a QT be measured

Answer 1

Through the pulmonary artery catheter with the use of the thermodilution technique. Cold saline or dextrose solution is injected through the proximal port of the PAC. Heat loss occurs from the proximal to the distal tip of the catheter. The amount of heat loss measured = rate of blood flow.

Question 2

Normal range for QT

Answer 2

4-8 L/min

Question 3

Fick Equation for QT

Answer 3

QT= oxygen consumption/(CaO2-CvO2) x 10

Question 4

CaO2 Equation

Answer 4

(1.34 x Hg x SaO2) + PaO2 x 0.003

Do the same for venous blood but use SvO2

Question 5

What is a patients QT if VO2 is 250 mL/min and arterial to venous oxygen content difference is 5 g/dL

Answer 5

5 L/min

Question 6

What is a patients QT if BSA is 1.6 sq. Meters, arterial O2 content is 20 vol%, and mixed venous O2 content is 5 vol% ? (Hint; multiply BSA x 130 to get VO2)

Answer 6

4.16 L/min

Question 7

Calculate the patients cardiac output given the following data: BSA is 1.2 sq. Meters, CaO2 is 19 vol% and CvO2 is 14vol%

Answer 7

3.12 L/Min

Question 8

Alveolar dead space equation

Answer 8

PaCO2-PeCO2/PaCO2

Question 9

Anatomic VD

Answer 9

Body weight

Tracheostomy

Question 10

Alveolar VD

Answer 10

Pulmonary embolism
Hypotension
Blood loss/ hemorrhage

Question 11

Physiological VD

Answer 11

Most accurate measurement

Question 12

Mechanical VD

Answer 12

Never add a VD tubing if patient is breathing spontaneously in the ventilator if a ventilated patient has a high PaCO2, remove the VD tubing first. Do not increase the VT or RR

Question 13

ABG results show a pH of 7.40, PaCO2 of 40 mmHg, and a PaO2 of 65 mmHg, what is the VD/VT if exhales CO2 is 30 mmHg?

Answer 13

25%

Question 14

Intrapulmonary shunt

Answer 14

Pneumonia, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, atelectasis

Question 15

QS/QT

Answer 15

A-aDO2/20 add 3% and it will give you the shunt

Question 16

Hypoxemia

Answer 16

Low level of oxygen in the blood

Question 17

Hypoxia

Answer 17

Low level of oxygen in the tissues

Question 18

Alveolar hyperventilation

Answer 18

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 19

Alveolar hypoventilation

Answer 19

Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory failure

Question 20

Hypercapnia

Hint: CAP= CO2

Answer 20

High CO2

Question 21

Hypocapnia

Answer 21

Low CO2

Question 22

Hypercarbia

Answer 22

High CO2

Question 23

Hypocarbia

Answer 23

Low CO2

Question 24

Which one does not belong?

A. Hyperventilation
B. Hypercarbia
C. Hypercapnia
D. Hypoventilation

Answer 24

A. Hyperventilation

Question 25

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 25

Left wants to keep, right wants to give away

Question 26

Shift to the right

Answer 26

``` Decreased affinity for oxygen (more O2 is released to the tissues) Hypercapnia (increased CO2) Hyperthermia, Acidosis Increased DPG ```

Question 27

Shift to the left

Answer 27

``` Increased affinity for oxygen (less O2 is released to the tissues) Hypocapnia Hypothermia Alkalosis Decreased DPG ```

Question 28

Severe hypoxemia level and treatment

Answer 28

<40 % | Management is oxygen

Question 29

Moderate hypoxemia

Answer 29

40-59% | Management is oxygen

Question 30

Mild Hypoxemia

Answer 30

60-79% | Management is oxygen

Question 31

Eupnea

Answer 31

Normal breathing

Question 32

Bradypnea

Answer 32

Slow breathing | Head trauma, overdose

Question 33

Apnea

Answer 33

Lack of breathing for at least 10 seconds | Asphyxia, drug overdose, OSA

Question 34

Tachypnea

Answer 34

fast, shallow | Stiff lungs/ pneumonia, pulmonary edema

Question 35

Hypopnea

Answer 35

Shallow breathing, low chest expansion | Brain stem damage

Question 36

Hyperpnea (hyperventilation)

Answer 36

Low CO2, respiratory/cardiac disease

Question 37

Kussmaul

Answer 37

Fast, deep breathing | Diabetes

Question 38

Biots

Answer 38

Fast, deep and periods of apnea | Increased ICP

Question 39

Cheyne-stokes

Answer 39

Progressively deeper, and sometimes faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease to apnea, then cycle starts over CHF, stroke, head injury, drug overdose

Question 40

O2 and CO2 transport

Answer 40

HB

Question 41

Normal CaO2 values

Answer 41

16-20%

Question 42

Normal CvO2 values

Answer 42

12-15%