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Marine Biology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 oceans?

Where did the water come from?

A
  • 4 Oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Ocean

- The water come from comets, which are made of ice, so when it melts, water forms.

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2
Q

What are the layers of the Earth?

A

Core, mantle, crust

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3
Q

What are the differences between oceanic and continental crusts?

A
  • Oceanic plates are younger and more dense

- Continental plates are older and less dense

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4
Q

Who came up with the theory of continental drift/plate tectonics?

A

Alfred Wegner

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5
Q

What causes the movements of the plates?

A

Convection currents beneath the plates assists movement and heat from the mantle drives the currents

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6
Q

Which ocean is growing? Shrinking?

A

The Atlantic Ocean continues to grow and the pacific continues to shrink

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7
Q

What are the different types of sediments?

A
  • Lithogenous Sediments: derived from the break-down of rocks (weathering)
  • Biogenous Sediments: derived from the skeletons and shells of marine organisms
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8
Q

What are the features of the continental margins?

A

Continental shelf
Shelf break
Continental slope
Continental rise

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9
Q

What are passive and active margins? Which type of margin in the Oregon coast?

A
  • Passive margins have sandy shores and are geologically inactive (east coast of US)
  • Active margins have rocky shores, seismic activity, volcanoes and earthquakes, and tide pools (west coast of US and Oregon coast)
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10
Q

What are hotspots, hydrothermal vents, and trenches? How do they form?

A
  • Hotspots are places in the mantle where rocks melt to generate magma.
  • Hydrothermal Vents are openings in the sea floor where heated mineral-rich water flows out of. They are formed when two tectonic plates move away or towards one another.
  • Trenches are depressions in the sea floor. They are formed when one tectonic plate gets pushed under another, creating a V-shaped depression
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11
Q

What is water made of? What are the relative charges of water molecules? What are hydrogen bonds?

A
  • water is made up of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
  • its polar
  • when negative and positive parts are attracted to each other, they form a hydrogen bond
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12
Q

What are the properties of water that are essential for life?

A

Cohesion, adhesion, solvency, and heat absorption

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13
Q

What is cohesion?
Adhesion?
Solvency?

A
  • cohesion: water sticks to itself
  • adhesion: water sticks to other things
  • solvency: water is able to dissolve charged particles, salts and other polar substances, and gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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14
Q

What is a thermocline? What could happen if ice was denser than water?

A

Thermocline divides the upper mixed layer with the deep, calm water below

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15
Q

How is salinity measured?

A

Salinity is measured in parts per thousand (ppt)

For every 1000 grams of water, there are 35 grams of salt

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16
Q

What are the main solvents in marine water?
What is the salinity of the oceans? Great Salt Lake? Dead Sea?
What affects the salinity of the ocean?

A
  • hydrogen and oxygen
  • Ocean Water: 35 ppt
  • Great Salt Lake: 50 to 270 ppt
  • ## Dead Sea: 337 ppt
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17
Q

What colors of light are absorbed first? Last?

How does that affect organisms in shallow water? Deep water?

A
  • Red is the first to be absorbed and blue is the last
  • Organisms in the deep water will most likely be either transparent or red, whereas organisms in shallow water will be more colorful.
18
Q

What gasses are important for life that are dissolved in seawater?
What temperatures of water have the most nutrients? Dissolved gasses?

A
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • cold water has the most nutrients
  • warmer water has the most dissolved gasses
19
Q

What forms waves, currents, and tides?

A

Circulation within the ocean is driven by wind patterns and the wind is driven by sunlight and the turning of the Earth.

20
Q

What are the processes that form winds?

A

The spinning of the Earth and the warming of the ocean/air because of sunlight.

21
Q

What are gyres? What is upwelling/downwelling?

What organisms are affected by each.

A
  • Gyres: the circular pattern of currents due to the Coriolis effect.
  • Upwelling: currents that push deeper waters towards the surface, brings nutrient rich deep waters up to the surface. Its beneficial to organisms living where upwelling occurs.
  • Down-welling: water sinking due to changes in temperature and salinity, brings gases from the surface to deeper layers.
22
Q

What are characteristics of waves?

A

Crest = high point of a wave
Trough = low point of a wave
Wavelength = distance between two crests
Wave period = the time it takes for a wave to pass by a set point

23
Q

How is surf formed?

A

Surf is formed by the wind

24
Q

What affects the size of waves?

A

The size of the wave depends on the distance the wind blows across the water, the strength of the wind, and the duration that the wind blows.

25
Q

What are the layers of the ocean and their characteristics?

A
  • Surface Layer: from the surface to about 200 meters; stays well mixed most of the year.
  • Intermediate Layer: from 200-1500 meters; major temperature change (thermocline) is located here. Less mixing occurs
  • Bottom Layer: below 1500 meters; low mixing and normally cold
26
Q

What are the different types of tides?
What affects the tides?
What type of tide does Oregon have?

A
  • High Tide: waters on the side of the Earth closer to the moon
  • Low Tide: waters on the far side of the Earth pushed away
  • Spring Tide: when the sun and the moon are aligned and tidal range is greatest
  • Neap Tide: when the sun and the moon are not aligned

-Factors that affect the tides include: bottom features, geographic features, canyons, reefs, and the position of the sun.

27
Q

Intertidal zone

A

Area between the mean low tide and mean high tide

28
Q

Subtidal zone

A

Area that is always submerged

29
Q

Substrate

A

Type of “bottom” that is present in a community

30
Q

Epifauna

A

Organisms that live on the substrate (ex. Mud snails and barnacles)

31
Q

Infauna

A

Organisms that live in the substrate (ex. Clams burrowed in the soft substrate)

32
Q

Meiofauna

A

Organisms that are so small that they live between the grains of soft substrate

33
Q

Dessication

A

Hot water loss especially on hot windy conditions

34
Q

Eurhaline

A

Organisms that are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities

35
Q

Keystone predator

A

Top carnivores that have the ability to change community composition

36
Q

Detritus

A

Broken down organic particles

37
Q

Succession

A

The process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time

38
Q

Drowned River Valleys

A

Used to be land until glaciers melted (ex. Chesapeake Bay)

39
Q

Bar Built Estuaries

A

Accumulated sediments (ex. Cape Hatteras)

40
Q

Tectonic Estuary

A

Earth sinks due to plate tectonics (ex. San Francisco Bay)

41
Q

Fjords

A

Channels formed by retreating glaciers (ex. Alaska and Norway)

42
Q

Osmoregulator

Osmoconformer

Euryhaline

A

Regulate your internal salinity

Conform to the area around you

Tolerate a wide range of salinity

Marine Biology (1 decks)

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