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A&P Test 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In DNA what matches up with A and C

A

A>T

C>G

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2
Q

In RNA what matches up with A and C

A

A>U

C>G

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3
Q

Codon

A

Group of 3 nucleotides

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4
Q

Codes for AUG, MET

A

Codes for methionine (start code)

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5
Q

Anti codon

A

Opposite of codon

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6
Q

Meiosis

A

Production of sperm cells

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7
Q

Somatic cell

A

All cells in body accept sperm cells

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8
Q

Gamete

A

Sperm cells ( sex cells)

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9
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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10
Q

Haploid

A

Having 1 set of chromosomes

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11
Q

Interphase

A

Where cell spends most of its time

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

Growth and repair

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13
Q

Sister chromatids

A

A set of chromosomes before division

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14
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

A set of chromosomes during division

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15
Q

Prophase

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down

* Spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes

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16
Q

Prometaphase

A

Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores

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17
Q

Metaphase

A

Lined up in the middle

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18
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split in two

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19
Q

Telophase

A
  • Starts to separate

* nuclear envelope starts to surround the new sets of chromosomes

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20
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Formation of two new cells

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21
Q

Stem cells form what ?

A

Cord blood

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22
Q

Totipotent

A

First embryonic cells formed

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23
Q

Pluripotent

A

Second cells to form

Precursors

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24
Q

Unipotent

A

Cells that can only divide and make more of that same type of cell

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25
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Outer most layer of skin

* dead skin cells

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26
Q

Stratum basale layer of skin

A

Deepest
•includes merkel cells (sensory)
•includes melanocytes (pigment)

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27
Q

Stratum spinosum

A 
Keratin synthesis begins 
Langerhans cells ( engulfs bacteria and foreign particles)
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28
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Cells become flattened and thicker

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29
Q

Keratohyalin

A

Equals glue

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30
Q

Stratum lucidum

A 
Very thin layer in thick skin 
Includes eleiden ( water proof barrier)
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31
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Outer most layer of skin,

Cells are dead and packed in and provides protection

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32
Q

How often are skin cells replaced?

A

Every four weeks

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33
Q

Dermis

A

Middle layer of skin

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34
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

(Oil) keeps hair hydrated

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35
Q

Dermis

A

Middle layer of skin

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36
Q

Papillary layer

A

Most superficial layer of the epidermis

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37
Q

Adipocytes

A

Insulates

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38
Q

Elastin fiber

A

Allows movement

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39
Q

Collagen fiber

A

Provides strength

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40
Q

Hypodermis

A

The layer that connects bones and muscle to skin

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41
Q

Papillary layer

A

Most superficial layer of the epidermis

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42
Q

Phagocytes

A

Defense cells that’s helps fight off bacteria and infection

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43
Q

Albinism

A

Inability to produce melanin

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44
Q

Vitiligo

A

When melanocytes lose their ability to produce melanin

45
Q

Hair

A

Includes hair shaft, medulla, cortex, cuticle

46
Q

Nails

A

Nail root and hyponychium

47
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Doesn’t smell

Produces sweat all the time

48
Q

Apocrine sweat gland

A

Smells strong and doesn’t produce all the time

49
Q

Integumentary functions

A

Protection
Sensory function
Thermoregulation
Vitamin D synthesis

50
Q

Acne

A

When hair follicles get blocked by sebum

51
Q

Burns (degree)

A

First-superficial to epidermis
Second-epidermis and part of dermis
Third-extends thru epidermis and dermis
Fourth-affects bone and muscle

52
Q

Skeletal system functions

A 
Support
Movement
Protection
Mineral and energy storage 
Hematopolesis (production of blood cells)
53
Q

Types of bones

A 
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
54
Q

(Bone type)

Long

A

Two distinct ends with a shaft

Ex. Femur and phalanges

55
Q

(Bone type)

Short

A

Cube like

Ex. Carpals and tarsals

56
Q

(Bone type)

Flat

A

Two parallel sides

Ex. Sternum and skull

57
Q

(Bone type)

Irregular

A

Irregular shape

Ex. Vertebra and sphenoid

58
Q

(Bone type)

Sesamoid

A

Sesame seed like

Ex. Patella

59
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft in the middle of the bone

60
Q

Epiphysis

A

Distinct ends of the bone

61
Q

Endosteum

A

Inner layer of bone

62
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer layer of bone

63
Q

Compact bone

A

Heavy

64
Q

Spongy bone

A

Light

65
Q

Osteoblast

A

Building up bone

66
Q

Osteogenic cell

A

Undifferentiated stem cells that can turn into other cells

67
Q

Osteoclast

A

Breaking down bone

68
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cells

69
Q

Lacunae is connected by…

A

Connected by canaliculi

70
Q

Osteon

A

Basic unit of compact bone

71
Q

Trabeculae

A

Lattice like network of spongy bone

72
Q

Ossification

A

An area where bone develops

73
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Comes out of membrane

74
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Comes out of cartalege

75
Q

Development steps for bone from undifferentiated cells

A

1- mesenchymal cells of embryo gather in specific areas
2- cells begin to differentiate into various cells
3- osteoblasts secrete osteoid

76
Q

Perichondrium forms

A

Layer of cartilage

77
Q

Calcium

A

Can only be obtained from diet

Requires vitamin D to disperse

78
Q

What three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

79
Q

Excitability

A

Plasma membranes can change their electrical state

80
Q

Elasticity

A

Muscle fibers recoil back due to elastic fibers

81
Q

Contractility

A

Allows muscle tissue to pull on attachment points

82
Q

Extensibility

A

Can stretch or extend

83
Q

Epimysium muscle

A

Outermost, wraps around entire muscle

84
Q

Perimysium muscle

A

Muscle fibers arrange into individual bundles

85
Q

Endomysium muscle

A

Covers each muscle fiber

86
Q

Tendons and aponeurosis are….

A

The combination of all connective tissues

87
Q

Sarcomere ( muscle fiber)

A

Functional unit of muscle

88
Q

Sarcolemma (muscle fibers)

A

Plasma membrane

89
Q

Sarcoplasm ( muscle fibers)

A

Cytoplasm

90
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (muscle fiber)

A

Specialized smooth ER that surrounds each myofibril

91
Q

Action

A

Thin filament

92
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament

93
Q

How does a muscle contract

A

It begins with an action potential at the neuromuscular junction

94
Q

For a muscle to contract it must?

A

First be excited by getting the electrical signal from the nerve to the muscle

95
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Prevents action-myosin interaction

96
Q

Troponin

A

Binds tropomyosin to G-actin

97
Q

Muscle contraction (skeletal muscle)

A 
Contraction cycle begins 
Active-site exposure 
Cross-bridge formation 
Myosin head pivoting 
Cross-bridge detachment 
Myosin reactivation
98
Q

Skeletal muscle relaxation

A

Ca2 + concentrations fall
Ca2+ detaches from troponin
Active sites re-covered by tropomyosin

99
Q

Rigor mortis

A

A fixed muscular contraction after death

100
Q

Muscle twitch

A

A single contraction

101
Q

Muscle contraction

A

Many repeated stimuli

102
Q

What supplies the energy for muscle contraction

A

ATP

103
Q

ATP creatine phosphate

A

Stores energy in phosphate bonds,
Acts as an energy reverse for quick ATP production,
Only provides about 15 seconds worth of energy

104
Q

ATP glycolysis

A

After creatine phosphate is depleted, glycolysis takes over

105
Q

ATP aerobic respiration

A

Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen in mitochondria

106
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

When muscles can no longer contract in response to signals

107
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Highly coordinated to produce simultaneous contractions

108
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found in walls of many organs

A&P Test 2 (2 decks)

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