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Conservation > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what effect does habitat fragmentation have on a landscape?

A
  • reduction in habitat amount
    increase in number of habitat patches
  • decrease in sizes of habitat
    increase in isolation of patches
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2
Q

how can the theory of island bio geography be applied to habitat fragmentation?

A

habitat fragments are similar to isolated islands, the number of species within a habitat patch is determined by balance between local colonization and local extinction

  • if fragmentation is necessary, larger habitat patches that are closer together is best
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3
Q

what are the negative effects of habitat fragmentation on animal and plant species?

A
  • reduced gene flow
  • reduced movement leads to genetic isolation
    more inbreeding
  • animal movements shorter or reduced
  • limits access to mates, and resources, ability to respond to changiing environment
  • lead to isolation of plant species where they rely on seed dispersal etc
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4
Q

how can conservation practitioners improve connectivity between fragments?

A
  • through connection of forest patches, to increase diversity, returning populations to previous historic diversities
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5
Q

what are the general best practices of protected area design?

A
  1. large protected areas have sufficient area for large wide ranging species, minimize edge effects, have more species
  2. local extinction rates have been shown to be very low in parks over 1000km 2 and higher in smaller parks
  3. small well managed parks are good for plant diveristy
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6
Q

what are the effects of roads on animals and landscapes?

A
  • reduced range
  • limits access to mates, food etc
  • animal mortality
  • alters environemnt
  • increased human use
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7
Q

habitat fragmentation

A

small remnants of islands of habitat that are almost inhospitable
, agriculture, industrial activities, roads, railways

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8
Q

edge effects

A

environmental factors differ between the edge of the habitat and the interior,
edges have increased sunlight, wind, reduced humidity and can be more vulnerable to fire and harbor different species

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9
Q

_____ habitat patches have more edge per unit than _____ habitats

A

small, large

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10
Q

what shape would have the most interior area?

A

circle

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11
Q

what are the two ways fragmentation can lead to isolation of plants?

A
  • reduces number of seed disperses

- reduces/ prevents seed disperses movements between patches

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12
Q

what does living dead refer to?

A

small isolated fragments that no longer recieve any seed disperal, may take generations for plants to die but diveristy will continue to decrease making it unlikely for this patch to survive environmental change

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13
Q

dispersal corridor

A

method to improve connectivity between habitats

  • linear strips that link habitats
  • widely accepted as conservation tool
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14
Q

connectivity conservation plans

A

connect habitats for increased diversity

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15
Q

five main outcomes of ccps ?

A
  1. wildlife crossing structures across highways
  2. ecological restoration of degraded areas
  3. land purchases
  4. recognition of corridors through zoning or governmet designation
  5. public engagement in connectivity planning and advocacy

ex. yellowstone to yukon initiative, 11-21% protected

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16
Q

why is it particularly difficult to conserve migratory species?

A

high energy demands of obtaining gps positions dont allow small species to be tracked

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17
Q

what are some threats migratory animals face?

A
  • influenced bye vents that are separated 1000 of km and span borders.
  • for terrestrial migratory species boundaries and loss of habitat can disrupt
  • for birds artifical light from urban areas and skyscrapers
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18
Q

what are some approaches scientists use to track migratory species?

A
  • GPS tracking
  • motus wildlife tracking system (towers and gps for smaller species)
  • stable isotope techniques (unique chemical signatures fr origin and breeding grounds etc)
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19
Q

why is understanding migratory connectivity improtant for making conservation plans?

A

strong connectivity, means complete segregation of different breeding population

  • weak connectivity means complete mixing of breeding populations
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20
Q

migraotry connectivity

A

complete mixing of breeding and winter populations
- Migratory connectivity is the degree to which populations are spatially connected between different periods of the annual cycle

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21
Q

Why are the social sciences central to the success of conservation?

A
  • as much about people as it is species and ecosystems
  • ** social factors are the primary determinants of success or failure
  • establish knowledge that can explain and predict patterns of human behavior
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22
Q

Explain how the tragedy of the commons works

A
  • situation in a shared resource system where individual users acting independently according to their own self intrest behave against the common good of all users by depleting
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23
Q

is the tragedy of the commons inevitable?

A

no it can be managed,

imposition of private property rights, government regulation,

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24
Q

how did elinor ostroms work change our view of the tragedy of the commons?

A

she complied a worldwide database of common pool resource groups

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25
Q

what were ostrums 7 key principles?

A
  1. shared moral and ethic monitoring standards (cultural norms)
  2. communication between community members
  3. easy to monitor resource and their use
  4. effective monitoring
  5. graduated punishment for members who violate community rules
  6. self determination of the community recognized by higher level authorities
  7. high value attached to sustainability of the resource

** bottom up driven solutions in small groups

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26
Q

what were two possible inventions for preventing the tragedy of the commons?

A
  1. command and control, increased government regulation on boats, sizes, fishing seasons etc
  2. property rights , make a common resource behave more like a private good, prevents free for all
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27
Q

ITQ

A

individual transferable quotas

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28
Q

what are two problems with ITQ

A

not enough on their own, need to be combined with adequate enforcement and monitoring

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29
Q

conservation interventios are the product of _____ decision making and processes require changes in _____ behaviour to succeed

A

human, human

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30
Q

how is boreal forest logging a threat to carribou?

A
  • reduced forest more wolves and easier catch, reduces lichen wich is critical winter food source for carribou, oil and gas reduce habitat, backcountry reduces habitat, some have declined over 90%
31
Q

Why engage in multiple stakeholders?

A

there are many different views with stakeholders, solutions better suited in social and cultural context, some groups may provide expertise, hostilities may develop if some groups are ignored

32
Q

what is a stakeholder analysis?

A
  1. whats the primary interets
  2. does the stakeholder oppose or support
  3. will the project benefit or harm
  4. what is the level of influence
  5. future scenerio for stakeholder
  6. how can your group contribute
33
Q

How are humans altering the earths climate?

A
  • increase in greenhouse gases
  • affecting natural variation of CO2 by burning fossil fuels which were deposited over the course of millions of years
  • increase in methane from agriculture
34
Q

why is IPCC almost certain this is due to climate change?

A

global models predict the observed rise in temperature if and only if they include greenhouse gas emmisions

35
Q

what are some effects this warming has?

A
  • increased rainfall and weather events

- heat waves increased

36
Q

what is unique about earths current warming event?

A
  • our species have never experienced an atmosphere like the one present today
  • todays warming took 150 years while in the past it took 150,000 years
37
Q

what are two major impacts of changing climate on species?

A
  • species distributions shifting poleward

- timing of key biological events happening earlier including migration, breeding, nesting, or bud burst

38
Q

which species will be most vulnerable to climate change?

A
  • those with specialized habitat requirements ex polar bears using sea ice to hunt
  • those with limited physiological and behavioural plasticity ex sea turtles whos sex is determined by incubation temp in sand
  • those with low genetic variation
  • and those with tight dependencies on other species that could be disrupted by climate change
  • those who rely on environmental cues to trigger breeding molting flowering etc
39
Q

how will climate change disrupt ecosystem services?

A

coral bleaching, - -occurs when corals expel algal symbionts in response to warmer oceans

  • ocean acidification
  • disrupt ecosystem services including fresh water through shrinking of glaviers affecting diveristy of fresh water
  • coastal flooding as sea levels rise
  • warmer winters increase disease outbreaks for pathogens that attack plants
  • food production, decrease in crop yeilds
40
Q

greenhouse gasses

A

allow sunlight to pass through but traps heat inside that would be radiated into space , icnlude methane, CO2, nitrous oxide, water vapour etc

41
Q

why are people confused about climate change?

A

mix up weather and climate

weather is temperature precipitaion and storm activity and climate refers to average temperatures over decades or longer

42
Q

IPCC

A

governemnt panel on climate change

- future scenerios including human economic development, population growth, advances in low emission technologies

43
Q

mitigation

A

means limiting the severity of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and by using reforestation and other measn to increase carbon sinks

44
Q

what are two major approaches to climate change

A

mtigation and adaptation

45
Q

adaptation

A

means taking action to reduce harm from climate change to humans and ecosystems

46
Q

cap and trade carbon market

A

regulatory system whcih limits set on total carbon emissions, limit is set on carbon emissions , can be divided bought or sold

cap on GHGs
emissions
- pros include quantity of carbon
- cons include, new market, difficult, can only include large emittors, small things like heating homes is difficult

47
Q

carbon tax

A

fee imposed on burning of carbon based fuels, atleast 50 countries have carbon pricing
- most agree this is better than cap and trade, more efficient,, large revenue, dont need market, creates incentives for ministry

48
Q

REDD

A

reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degredation

- UN program reducing emissions from deforestation from developing countries

49
Q

geoengineering

A

large scale engineering of our environemnt in order to cobat or counteract the effects of changes in atmosphere chemistry
- carbon captrue and storage , catching co2 productions before it goes into atmosphere then using high pressures to funnel deep into the ground

50
Q

solar radiation management

A

flight global warming by pumping areosols into space, reflecting sunlight back into space

51
Q

why should conservationists care about farmers?

A
  • roughly 40% of land surfaces sustains production of food for people
  • by far leading cause of deforestation in tropics
52
Q

which source of protien consumed by humans are most ineficient in terms of resources and required emissions produced?

A

dairy, meat and eggs

53
Q

what is the green revolution?

A

a transformation of agriculture practices involving higher crop yeild varieties, pesticides and irrigation

54
Q

land sparing vs land sharing agricultural systems?

A

land sparing - food is produced in highly industrialized monocultures that yeild the highest possible amount of food per unit area, remainign area could be conserved for willife

Land sharing (wildlife freindly)- small fields with wildlife areas between with antive pests controlled by residing species, more compatible with wildlife

55
Q

how might GMOs meet future increased food demand?

A
  • enahnce nutrient and water uptake, increase resistance to pests, boost drought tolerance,
56
Q

eutrophication

A

nitrogen fertilizers make way into aquatic ecosystems can trigger degredation and can trigger growth of phytoplankton, agae and aquatic plants called eutrophication (excess growth)

57
Q

dead zone

A

oxygen levels can become too low from eutrophication and kill off wildlife, could be helped by field buffers, more regulations, timing of fertilizer use etc

58
Q

biomagnification

A

compunds accumulate and persist in bdies of animals that feed on higher on the food chain (DDT a pesticide)

59
Q

neonicotinoids have been linked to what?

A

collony collapse disorder in bees

60
Q

pest resurgence

A

occurs if targeted pest species bounces back to damaging levels after pesticide application

61
Q

why are global rates of marine extinction not as high as terrestrial rates of extinction?

A
  • not many people care about fish
  • industrial fishing increasing recently along with rapid expansion of coastal populations
  • have expierenced range contractions and local extinctions but not as many outright extinctions as on land
62
Q

What is shifting baseline?

A

type of change viewed to precious reference points
- over time knowledge os lost about the state of the natural world because people dont see changes taking place, the baseline of what is normal changes over time, so effects make not be taken seriosuly or as servery as they are

63
Q

what is meant by fishing down marine food webs?

A

sequential depletion of fisheries from higher to lower trophic levels
- once the large predatory fish are depleted increases in small fish occur then leading to smaller fish and crustaceans

64
Q

what is meant by fishing through marine food webs?

A

suggests marine systems are being exploited at multiple points, we are harvesting predators and prey

65
Q

why are forage fish important components of marine ecosystems?

A

food for other fish, seairds, feeds on alage and maintains water quality ex. manhaden

66
Q

is aquaculture a viable alternative to wild caught fish?

A

breeding raising and harvesting fish

  • often fed fish meal made from wild fish
  • takes four lbs of forage fish to produce one lb of salmon and other farmed species
67
Q

why is sustainability certification important for consumer decisions? what are some controverisies?

A

Controversies:
- doesn’t take into account bycatch including those caught by longline including swordfish, sharks, sea turtles, etc

  • makes descisions based on ustainable fish stocks, minimized environemntal impact and effective management
68
Q

how are introduced, naturalized and invasive species defined?

A

introduced - species that have been moved through human activity beyond natural range

naturalized - species that subsequently establish themselves as perpetuating populations

Invasive species - species that become so abundant that they threaten habitats ecosystem services or species otherwise cause economic damage

69
Q

how do humans introduce species to a area?

A

marine invaders through ships, intentional introduction for biological control

70
Q

how might propagule pressure influence the probability of species naturalization?

A

propagule pressure - the frequency of introductions and quantity of organisms introduced to a site
- repeated introductions increase the chance for a population to take hold of and become invasive

71
Q

how does the rule of tens describe the probability of a species becoming invasive?

A

this rule estimates that roughly 10% of species introduced to an area will escape control or cultivation, 10% of escaped species will cultivate and 10% of established species will become damaging invaders

72
Q

what are the 4 hypothesis about the determinants of invasion success?

A
  1. natural enemy release hypothesis, proposes when a species is moved the relative absence of natural enemies gives the introduced species an advantage over competing native species
  2. Darwins naturalization hypothesis, introduced species are less likely to become established if other species of the same genus are native to the recipient community
  3. Biotic resistance hypothesis, highly diverse communities are more resistance to invasion than communties with few species
  4. biotic acceptance hypothesis, whatever conduitions are good for native biodiversity are likely to be good for non native biodiveristy , opposite of resistance hypothesis
73
Q

how do scientists predict the range expansion of invasive species?

A

population models, data on birth and death rates and species mobility have succesfully predicted range expansion

74
Q

how can we reduce and manage species introductions?

A

models suggest how to slow range expansion by creating dispersal barriers or reducing invaders reproductive
success, inspections at ports , public education, screening procedures in place for imported plant species

Conservation (4 decks)

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