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Life In The Sea + Lab > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of macroalgae?

A 
Blade
Gas Bladder
Stipe
Frond
Holdfast
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2
Q

Are macroalgae vascular?

A

Macroalgae are nonvascular

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3
Q

What does the holdfast do? What is the difference between a holdfast and roots?

A

The holdfast anchors macroalgae in place. Roots hold a plant in place, but they are vascular.

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4
Q

What is the difference between a stipe and a stem?

A

A stipe is nonvascular, whereas a stem is vascular

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5
Q

What is the difference between a blade and a leaf?

A

A blade is nonvascular, whereas a leaf is vascular

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6
Q

What is another name for gas bladders? What is an example of a species?

A

Pneumataphores. Sargassum.

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7
Q

Are phytoplankton macroalgae or plants?

A

Macroalgae

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8
Q

When do algal blooms occur?

A

Algal blooms occur when algae reproduction goes unchecked

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9
Q

What is the popular name for Chrysophyta?

A

Gold-Brown algae

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10
Q

What are the two main types of Chrysophyta?

A

Diatoms and Coccolithophores

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11
Q

What are diatoms shells made of? Where are they commonly found?

A

Diatom shells are made of silica. They are commonly found under boats.

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12
Q

What shape are coccolithophores? Where are they commonly found? What are their outside plates made of?

A

Coccolithophores are spherical. They are found in the middle latitudes. Coccolithophores plates are made of calcium carbonate.

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13
Q

What is the popular name of Pyrrophyta?

A

Dinoflagellates

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14
Q

What are 5 main types of Pyrrophyta?

A 
Zooxanthellae
Karenia brevis
Peridium bahamense
Nocticula sp.
Gambierdiscus toxicus
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15
Q

What is special about zooxanthellae?

A

Zooxanthellae have a mutualistic relationship with corals where they photosynthesize and give energy/O2 to corals, while corals produce CO2 for the zooxanthellae

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16
Q

What is special about Karenia brevis?

A

Karenia brevis produces toxic Red Tide during algal blooms.

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17
Q

What is special about Peridium bahamense?

A

Bioluminescence

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18
Q

What is special about Nocticula sp.?

A

Bioluminescence

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19
Q

What organism causes cigatera poisoning?

A

The dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus.

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20
Q

What are the three types of Benthic algae in order of depth (shallowest to deepest)? Use both names.

A

Chlorophyta - Green algae (shallowest)
Phaeophyta - Brown algae (middle)
Rhodophyta - Red algae (deepest)

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21
Q

What type of algae does kelp belong to?

A

Phaeophyta - brown algae

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22
Q

What is Cyanobacteria commonly known as? What is special about it?

A

Spirulina. It grows faster than algae. It used to be known as cyanophyta, even though it is really a different kingdom from algae.

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23
Q

What is a carrageenan?

A

Carrageenan is a food additive derived from red algae (rhodophytes) to give dairy products a creamier taste.

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24
Q

What is agar used for? Where does it come from?

A

Agar is used to culture bacteria in medical testing. Agar comes from rhodophytes.

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25
Q

What are two uses for diatoms?

A

Diatoms are used in toothpaste. Diatoms are used as a fire retardant in bricks.

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26
Q

How do microalgae play in to food chain dynamics?

A

Microalgae are good for larger organisms

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27
Q

How does algae help reefs with sediment binding?

A

Some rhodophytes are coralline meaning they have a calcium carbonate skeleton. Calcareous Green Algae also plays a major role in sediment bonding for reefs.

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28
Q

How do competition dynamics work between coral and algae?

A

There is often overgrowth on reefs; especially in areas with coral bleaching.

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29
Q

What is an angiosperm?

A

An angiosperm is a plant that produces seeds.

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30
Q

Are seagrasses vascular?

A

Yes

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31
Q

What are Florida’s 7 species of seagrasses?

A 
Turtle Grass
Manatee Grass
Shoal Grass
Paddle Grass
Johnson’s Grass
Star Grass
Widget Grass aka Ruppia
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32
Q

What are the Halophila species?

A

Small grasses

Paddle Grass
Johnson’s Grass
Star Grass

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33
Q

What is special about Turtle Grass?

A

Turtle Grass is the most common Caribbean species of seagrass.

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34
Q

What is special about Manatee Grass?

A

It has a cyclindrical/syringe shape

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35
Q

What is special about shoal grass?

A

Shoal grass does well in shallow waters and can handle exposure at low tide

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36
Q

What is special about Johnson’s Grass?

A

Johnson’s Grass is the only endangered seagrass; only from Sebastian to Biscayne Bay.

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37
Q

What is special about Widgen Grass?

A

Aka Ruppia

Ducks like to eat Widgen Grass. Can survive very high salinity, but it is outcompeted when water quality is good. Small and spindly.

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38
Q

What are Porifera?

A

Sponges

SPONGES ARE ANIMALS

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39
Q

What kingdom are porifera?

A

Animalia

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40
Q

Do sponges have tissues and organs?

A

Not true tissues and organs

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41
Q

How many fresh water sponges are there?

A

150

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42
Q

How many marine sponges are there?

A

5,000-10,000

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43
Q

What type of creatures are sponges because they don’t move?

A

Sessile

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44
Q

What is the large hole at the top of a sponge called?

A

The osculum

Leuconoids have multiple smaller oscula

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45
Q

What is in the middle of a sponge? Give all three names.

A

The central cavity/the spongocoel/the atrium

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46
Q

What is the outer layer of a sponge called?

A

The epidermis

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47
Q

What are the main layers of a sponge epidermis from outermost to innermost?

A

Pinacoderm
Mesohyl
Chanocytes

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48
Q

What are the incurrent pores on a sponge’s epidermis called?

A

Ostium

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49
Q

What keeps a sponge stuck in place?

A

The holdfast

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50
Q

What are the main parts of a chanocyte?

A

Nucleus
Collar w/ Microvilli
Flagellum

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51
Q

What is another name for a chanocyte?

A

A collar cell

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52
Q

What is the mesohyl of a sponge?

A

The semi-fluid matrix where amoebocytes and silica spicules are located. In between pinacolyte and collar cells.

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53
Q

What do amoebocytes do?

A

Digest and deposit and move freely

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54
Q

What do chanocytes do?

A

They keep water flowing by beating their flagella and trap food particles.

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55
Q

What do silica spicules do?

A

They provide structure to sponges

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56
Q

What are the three main sponge body plans?

A

Asconoid
Syconoid
Leuconoid

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57
Q

What is unique about the asconoid body plan?

A

It is basic.

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58
Q

What is unique about the syconoid body plan?

A

It demonstrates complex folding and is bulbous

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59
Q

What is unique about the leuconoid body plan?

A

It has more oscula and intermediary chambers

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60
Q

What are the four main classes of porifera?

A

Calcispongia
Hexactinellida
Demospongia
Sclerospongia

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61
Q

What are Calcispongia spicules made of?

A

Calcium carbonate

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62
Q

What creature is a symbiote of Calcispongia?

A

Shrimp

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63
Q

What do calcispongia lack?

A

Spongen protein

64
Q

How could the texture of Calcispongia be described?

A

Rigid, not spongy

65
Q

What size are Calcispongia?

A

They are typically small

66
Q

Where can Calcispongia be found?

A

Typically in shallow water.

67
Q

What is a common name for Hexactinellida?

A

Glass sponges

68
Q

How many points do Glass Sponge spicules have?

A

Six

69
Q

How do the collar cells of Hexactinellida compare to other classes?

A

Reduced collar cells

70
Q

What color are Hexactinellida?

A

Transparent

71
Q

Where can Hexactinellida be found?

A

Mostly in cold water, some in tropics

72
Q

What happens to larvae around Hexactinellida?

A

Larvae can get trapped

73
Q

What kind of structure does Hexactinellida have?

A

Lattice structure

74
Q

Do Hexactinellida have spongin protein?

A

No

75
Q

What class of sponge do 90% of all sponges belong to?

A

Demospongia

76
Q

What are Demospongia spicules made of?

A

Silica

77
Q

Do Demospongia have spongin protein?

A

Yes

78
Q

What body plan do Demospongia follow?

A

Leuconoid

79
Q

What do Demospongia harbor?

A

Symbionts

80
Q

What kind of sponges do Demospongia include?

A

Freshwater sponges and boring sponges

81
Q

What class do boring sponges belong to?

A

Demospongia

82
Q

What class do freshwater sponges belong to?

A

Demospongia

83
Q

What “class” of sponge is no longer considered a true class?

A

Sclerospongia

84
Q

What is unique about Sclerospongia?

A

These sponges have a calcareous skelleton, silicious spicules, and spongin protein

85
Q

How do sponges reproduce?

A

Sexually and asexually

86
Q

What type of reproduction is most valued by sponges? Why?

A

Sexual. It increases resiliency of offspring.

87
Q

How does a sponge reproduce asexually?

A

The sponge produces a gemmule full of sponge components, usually during the fall months

88
Q

How do sponges reproduce sexually?

A

The sponges are hermaphroditic. They produce a fertilized egg which becomes a planktonic larvae.

89
Q

What is the opposite of hermaphroditic?

A

Dioecious

90
Q

What are four ways in which sponges are important?

A

As a food source

Reef dynamics (competition and construction)

Habitat

Potential source for antitumor and antibiotic compounds

91
Q

What are two types of toxic sponges?

A

Touch Me Not (Neofibularia nolitangere)

Fire Sponges (Tedania ignis)

92
Q

What is the scientific name of a Touch Me Not? How can you recognize it?

A

Neofibularia nolitangere. They occur from 10’ to 100’ deep, have a large osculum, and red/orange coloration.

93
Q

What is the scientific name of a fire sponge?

A

Tedonia ignis

94
Q

What are cnidarians?

A

Animals with stinging cells.

95
Q

What are the main classes of the phylum Cnidaria?

A

Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Antbozoa

96
Q

Why aren’t Comb Jellies considered Cnidarians?

A

They are in Phylum Ctenophora. They don’t have stinging cells.

97
Q

What are the four main organisms of Hydrozoa?

A

Fire corals
Stinging hydroids
Portuguese man of war
Planktonic siphonophores

98
Q

What does a stinging hydro id look like?

A

A feathery organism

99
Q

Is a Portuguese Man of War a single organism?

A

No, it is a colony of organisms

100
Q

What class are considered “true jellyfish”?

A

Scyphozoa

101
Q

What class are box jellies? What class did they used to be? What is unique about them?

A

Currently Scyphozoa. They used to be Cubozoa. They have a VERY powerful sting.

102
Q

What class are most corals and anemones?

A

Anthozoa

103
Q

What is the common characteristic of Cnidarians?

A

Cnidoblasts/Cnidocysts

104
Q

What are the two main body forms of Cnidarians?

A

Polyp and Medusa

105
Q

What class is Obelia? Describe its life cycle.

A

Hydrozoa. Mature polyp ejects Medusas which sexually produces zygotes.

106
Q

Describe a jellyfish’s reproduction.

A

The mature Medusa releases egg and sperm which become polyps and the polyp colony produces more Medusas.

107
Q

What is a siphonophore made of?

A

Zooids

108
Q

What are the 6 main parts of a siphonophore?

A 
Crest
Pneumataphore
Gonozooids
Gastrozooida
Dactylzooids
Stinging tentacles
109
Q

What is a pneumataphore?

A

A gas filled polyp.

110
Q

What is the purpose of gonozooids?

A

Reproduction

111
Q

What is the purpose of gastrozooids?

A

Digestion

112
Q

What is the purpose of dactylzooids?

A

Locating and catching prey

113
Q

What are six common Cnidarians in South Florida?

A 
Fire Coral
Portuguese Man of War
Moon Jelly
Sea Lice
Sea Wasp (Box Jelly)
Berried Anemone
114
Q

What organism lives around the Man of War’s tentacles? How does it avoid stinging?

A

Nomeus fish. Agility.

115
Q

What class is the moon jelly?

A

Anthozoa

116
Q

When are lea lice most commonly encountered?

A

Between Mother’s Day and Father’s Day

117
Q

What has the sea wasp caused?

A

Paralysis

118
Q

What kind of anemone has killed people?

A

Berried Anemone

119
Q

What are reefs built on?

A

Skelletons

120
Q

What is the cold water cut off for coral reefs?

A

20°C

121
Q

Where are reefs usually found?

A

The warmer east coasts of continents

122
Q

How do coral reproduce?

A

Sexually and asexually

123
Q

What is a corallum?

A

A mass of singular coral. Often called a coral head.

124
Q

Where do corals reproduce?

A

Coralite grooves/cups

125
Q

What connects corals? What is the drawback of this?

A

Coenosarc. Can spread disease between corals.

126
Q

What is another name for black coral? Why are they called black coral? What are they often harvested for?

A

Antipatharians. The black skelleton left behind after death. Jewelry.

127
Q

How many tentacles do soft corals have?

A

8

128
Q

Do soft corals leave behind a calcium carbonate skeleton?

A

No

129
Q

How many polyps does a soft coral have?

A

100s of 1000s

130
Q

What unusual organism is included in soft corals?

A

Sea whips

131
Q

What are 3 types of soft coral?

A

Gorgonians
Sea fans
Octocorals

132
Q

What is another name for hard corals?

A

Scleractinian

133
Q

What are the two types of hard coral? Describe them.

A

Hermatypic. Reef building; possess zooxanthellae.

Ahermatypic. Solitary; lack zooxanthellae

134
Q

What are the three major phyla of Marine Worms? Give both names.

A

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

Roundworms (Nematoda)

Segmented Worms (Annelida)

135
Q

Where can flatworms be found?

A

Outside/errant

Parasitic inside fishes

136
Q

What is unique about outside living flatworms?

A

They are very colorful.

137
Q

Where are roundworms typically found?

A

Parasitic inside fishes.

138
Q

What phylum are vestimentiferan? Where are they found?

A

Annelida. In deep sea vents.

139
Q

What is unique about annelids?

A

The are coelomates.

140
Q

What is a word used to describe segmented worms?

A

Polychaete

141
Q

What are the two types of polychaete worms?

A

Sedentary

Errant

142
Q

What are 4 types of sedentary polychaete worms?

A

Christmas Tree Worms
Feather Duster Worms
Parchment Tube Worms
Vestimentaferans

143
Q

What are sedentary worm tubes usually made of?

A

Calcium carbonate

144
Q

How do sedentary worms feed?

A

Filter feeding

145
Q

Where do Parchment Tube Worms live?

A

Mud flats

146
Q

What are three ways errant worms make a living?

A

Scavenging, deposit feeding, predatory feeding

147
Q

Are errant worms planktonic or pelagic?

A

They can be either

148
Q

What are the toxic hair-like projections of errant worms called?

A

Cetae

149
Q

Are cetae poisonous or venomous?

A

Venomous

150
Q

What are the prostomium and peristomium of an annelid?

A

The prostomium is the head w/ mouth parts.

The peristomium is the first segment behind the head where the mouth is actually located.

151
Q

What is at the back of an annelid?

A

Anal cirri

152
Q

What are parapodia? How are they used by each type of polychaete?

A

Fleshy projections. Used by sedentary for circulating water. Used by errant to swim.

153
Q

Are polychaetes hermaphroditic or dioecious?

A

Dioecious

154
Q

What is an epitoke?

A

A repository segment for sperm and eggs which breaks off.

155
Q

What is an atoke?

A

The unmodified front of body.

Life In The Sea + Lab (1 decks)

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