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Biology 160 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells are the fundamental unit of

A

living things

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2
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells

All cells come from pre-existing cells

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3
Q

Most cells are

A

small

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4
Q

1 mm Cube

Surface Area, Volume, Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A

Surface Area - 6 sides x 1 ^2 = 6 mm ^2

Volume - 1 ^3 = 1 mm ^3

SA:Vol - 6 mm ^-1 = (6 : 1)

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5
Q

2 mm Cube

Surface Area, Volume, Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A

Surface Area - 6 sides x 2 ^2 = 26 mm ^2

Volume - 2 ^3 = 8 mm ^3

SA:Vol - 3 mm ^-1 = (3 : 1)

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6
Q

4 mm Cube

Surface Area, Volume, Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A

Surface Area - 6 sides x 4 ^2 = 96 mm ^2

Volume - 4 ^3 = 64 mm ^3

SA:Vol - 1.5 mm ^ -1 = (1.5 : 1)

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7
Q

Better to be _____ cells than one _____ cell

A

smaller; large

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8
Q

The cytoskeleton provides:

A

Cell structure

Movement

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9
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of:

A

Protein Fibers

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10
Q

The cytoskeleton provides:

A

Cell support and shape

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11
Q

The cytoskeleton aids in:

A

Cell movement

Organelle position

Anchor cells

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12
Q

The cytoskeleton consists of:

A

Microfilaments

Intermediate Filaments

Microtubules

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13
Q

______ helps the cell move and determines cell shape

A

Microfilaments

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14
Q

Microfilaments are made of

A

ACTIN monomers

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15
Q

Microfilaments:

A

Can shorten or lengthen as more monomers attach or detach (DYNAMIC INSTABILITY)

OR

Interact with MYOSIN to help muscles contract

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16
Q

Microfilaments:

A

Can shorten or lengthen as more monomers attach or detach (DYNAMIC INSTABILITY)

OR

Interact with MYOSIN to help muscles contract

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17
Q

Microfilaments Summary

A

Made up of strands of the protein ACTIN; often interact with strands of other proteins

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18
Q

______________ hold organelles in place and are stable

A

Intermediate Filaments

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19
Q

Intermediate Filament composition

A

Tough, rope-like, and made of various fibrous proteins

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20
Q

Intermediate Filaments:

A

Stable and permanent

OR

Important in connecting cells

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21
Q

Intermediate Filaments:

A

Stable and permanent

OR

Important in connecting cells

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22
Q

_______ is composed of intermediate filaments

A

Keratin

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23
Q

Intermediate Filaments Summary

A

Made up of fibrous proteins organized into tough, rope-like assemblages that stabilize a cell’s structure and help maintain it’s shape

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24
Q

Microtubules form:

A

An internal skeleton and transportation network

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25
Q

Microtubule Composition

A

Long, hollow cylinders made of TUBULIN dimers

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26
Q

Microtubules can:

A

Shorten or lengthen as more tubulin dimers attach or detach (DYNAMIC INSTABILITY)

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27
Q

Microtubules Summary

A

Long, hollow cylinders made up of many molecules of the protein tubulin

Tubulin consists of 2 subunits, a-tubulin and b-tubulin

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28
Q

Microtubules form

A

the interior of cilia and flagella

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29
Q

Microtubules are important in

A

movement

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30
Q

Microtubules (“9+2”)

A

9 doublets of microtubules surround 2 single microtubules

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31
Q

Microtubules can be moved by

A

motor proteins

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32
Q

How do motor proteins move microtubules?

A

DYNEIN slides microtubules past each other, NEXIN stops this (causes cilia to flex)

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33
Q

Motor proteins, such as kinesis, can move

A

organelles

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34
Q

How do motor proteins, like kinesin, move organelles?

A

KINESIN “walks” organelles such as vesicles along microtubules

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35
Q

The Extracellular Matrix:

A

Provides tissue functions in animals

Orients cell movement during tissue repair and development

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36
Q

Collagen and Proteoglycans hold

A

cells together

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37
Q

Collagen and Proteoglycans:

A

Form TISSUES

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38
Q

Proteins in the cell membrane connect cells to the

A

extracellular membrane

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39
Q

______ connects microfilaments in the cell to the extracellular matrix

A

INTEGRIN

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40
Q

Integrin can:

A

detach to allow the cell to move

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41
Q

Cells can be connected to each other by

A

Cell junctions

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42
Q

Tight junctions connect to

A

microfilaments

Ex.) Bladder

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43
Q

Desomosomes connect to

A

intermediate filaments

Ex.) Skin

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44
Q

______ ______ allow material to pass between cells

A

Gap junctions

Ex.) Heart muscle

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45
Q

Animal Cells:

A

Eukaryotic

Have define compartments

46
Q

Plant Cells:

A

Eukaryotic

Compartmentalized

47
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA

Surrounded by nuclear envelope

48
Q

_______ _______ is a double membrane and has pores

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

49
Q

Nucleus contains DNA as

A

CHROMOSOMES

50
Q

DNA is bound with protein to form

51
Q

Nucleus is the site of:

A

DNA Replication

TRANSCRIPTION (DNA –> RNA)

52
Q

Where are ribosomes assembled?

53
Q

Organelles in Endomembrane System

A

Nuclear Envelope

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi Apparatus

Plasma Membrane

54
Q

Ribosomes on the Rough ER carry out

A

protein synthesis

55
Q

Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis on Rough ER

A

Translation

56
Q

Rough ER is:

A

folded membrane sacs connected to the nuclear envelope

57
Q

During protein synthesis, other ribosomes are

A

free in cytoplasm

58
Q

Rough ER:

A

transports proteins

59
Q

Golgi Apparatus:

A

processes proteins and aids in their secretion

60
Q

Where does the Golgi Apparatus package proteins after they are processed?

A

VESICLES (membrane sacs)

61
Q

Golgi Apparatus has:

A

stacks of flattened membrane sacs

62
Q

VESICLES walk along _______ to transport proteins within the cell or to the cell membrane

A

microtubules

63
Q

Golgi Apparatus in animal cells produce:

64
Q

PRIMARY LYSOSOMES contain:

A

digestive enzymes

65
Q

How are SECONDARY LYSOSOMES formed?

A

Primary lysosomes fuse with pockets of the plasma membrane (PHAGOSOMES)

66
Q

_______ can digest the cells own components

A

Lysosomes (AUTOPHAGY)

67
Q

Main function of Smooth ER

A

Make lipids (membranes)

68
Q

Smooth ER are membrane tubes connected to

69
Q

Functions of Smooth ER:

A

Produces lipids

Detoxifies chemicals

Stores calcium

Degrades glycogen

70
Q

Mitochondria transform energy from other chemicals to

71
Q

_______ have an inner and outer membrane surrounding a fluid-filled matrix

A

Mitochondria

72
Q

Mitochondria inner membrane is folded forming _____

73
Q

Mitochondria is the site of

A

Aerobic respiration

74
Q

______ accumulate and detoxify peroxides which could damage cells

A

Peroxisomes

75
Q

______ store waste products

76
Q

In plants, what do vacuoles do?

A

Fill with water and help support the plant

77
Q

In plant cells, chloroplasts carry out

A

photosynthesis

78
Q

________ have 2 membranes surrounding stacks of flat membrane sacs

A

Chloroplasts

79
Q

What are the stacks of flat membrane sacs around chloroplasts called?

A

Thylakoids

80
Q

________ contain chloroplasts and convert light energy to chemical energy

A

THYLAKOIDS

81
Q

Extracellular structure that provides support in plant cell

82
Q

3 Domains of Life:

A

Bacteria (Prokaryotic)

Eukarya (Eukaryotic)

Archaea (Prokaryotic)

83
Q

All cells have:

A

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

84
Q

DNA location in Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic

A

E - Nucleus

P - Nucleoid

85
Q

Bacteria Cells are (Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic) and don’t have a ______

A

Prokaryotic; Nucleus

86
Q

Most bacteria have a ___ ____ , and many have an _____ _______

A

cell wall; outer capsule

87
Q

What is capsule used for?

A

Protection

88
Q

What is only found in bacteria cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

89
Q

In some bacteria, the cell membrane is folded ______

A

internally

90
Q

Archaea are (Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic)

A

Prokaryotic

91
Q

Archaea contain:

A

Nucleoid

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

Ribosomes

MAY have Cell Wall

92
Q

Key difference between 3 Domains of Life

A

Bacteria - Peptidoglycan in cell wall

Archaea - Membrane lipids are branched

Eukarya - Membrane-enclose nucleus

93
Q

Release Energy/Consume Energy?

A

Exergonic - release

Endergonic - consume

94
Q

ATP captures energy from (Exergonic/Endergonic) for the cell to use in (Exergonic/Endergonic)

A

Exergonic; Endergonic

95
Q

Exergonic processes

A

Cell Respiration

Catabolism

96
Q

Endergonic processes

A

Active Transport

Cell movements

Anabolism

97
Q

______ is used to transfer energy

98
Q

Adenosine =

A

Adenine + Ribose

99
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

100
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

101
Q

AMP

A

Adenosine Monophosphate

102
Q

Hydrolysis of ____ to ____ releases energy

103
Q

_____ reactions transfer electrons and energy

104
Q

OIL RIG

A

Oxidation is Loss
(of Electrons)
Reduction is Gain

105
Q

______ releases energy

106
Q

Most reduced molecules store energy in _____ bonds

107
Q

Oxidation is often also a loss of ____ atoms

108
Q

_____ / _____ is an electron carrier in Redox Reactions

A

NAD+ / NADH

109
Q

NAD+ —> NADH

A

NAD+ gets reduced to NADH

NADH gets oxidized to NAD+

110
Q

Energy Metabolism (pg. 16)

A

Glucose is oxidized to CO2 and H2O

111
Q

Energy Metabolism Steps:

A

Step 1: High Activation Energy
Lots of energy lost as heat

Many Steps: Lower Activation Energy
Lots of energy lost

Biology 160 (1 decks)

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