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PSYC 3320 Test 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensory specific satiety?

A

An animal will eat less if they have the same food over and over because the food loses its pleasure. With a more varied diet, the animal eats more. This is true for animals and humans.

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2
Q

What did Cannon and Washburn believe were the basis of hunger?

A

Peripheral organs and specifically the stomach

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3
Q

What effect does severing the vagus nerve have on humans?

A

Stomach contractions cease, but hunger does not.

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4
Q

What is hyperphagia?

A

Eating large quantities of food?

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5
Q

Lesions in the later hypothalamus produce what effect

A

Animal stops eating

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6
Q

If animas were kept alive after LH damage, what eventually happened?

A

Initially they wont eat or drink on their own (aphasia), but over time if kept alive they will recover and maintain themselves at a body weight considerably lower than normal

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7
Q

The VMH is considered to be the ____ center, while the LH is considered to be the ____ center

A

Satiety, Hunger

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8
Q

Where are the receptors of the glucose-sensitive system located?

A

The hepatic portal vein in the liver

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9
Q

What does the set-point theory argue?

A

Each of us has a normal body weight that will be more or less maintained by the LH

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10
Q

The most likely stimulus for regulation around a set point is ____

A

Body fat

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11
Q

Historically, hunger motivation has been viewed as a two-process system. Describe

A

The first process is the short-term process that monitors glucose, and the long-term process that monitors lipids

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12
Q

Anorexia nervosa is much more common in females and is on the rise for ___

A

the elderly

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13
Q

What are the three main symptoms of anorexia>

A

Large loss of body weight, amenorrhea, and a distorted attitude toward food and self image

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14
Q

How did Chinese anorexics differ from American?

A

They didn’t fear becoming obese, they feared being bloated. They also had lower levels of depression and came from a lower socioeconomic class

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15
Q

Why is it not clear that anorexics have a true loss of appetite?

A

They will sometimes binge eat or hoard food, or show a preoccupation with food or cooking

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16
Q

Describe the typical bulimic

A

College-educated, early 20s, white female

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17
Q

What does the social contagion theory suggest about bulimia?

A

Norms provided by social groups contribute to binge eating

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18
Q

Heatherton and Baumeister suggest that binge eating is the result of the attempt to __

A

escape from self awareness

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19
Q

Some of the weight gain by men and women over the past couple centuries is due to

A

Generally sedentary lifestyle, work patterns that require less physical activity

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20
Q

What is basal metabolism>

A

The energy we consume to maintain at rest. This is 2/3 of our energy consumption, the other 1/3 is exercise

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21
Q

Because a normal weighted individual has about a month of stored energy, some people think obesity is what?

A

continued storage of energy beyond normal reserves

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22
Q

When can dehydration be fatal?

A

When more than 15% of the body weight is lost

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23
Q

What is the difference between osmometric and volumetric thirst?

A

Osmometric is a motivational mechanism for thirst involving intracellular fluid distribution, while volumetric thirst deals with extracellular fluid balance.

24
Q

If the kidneys detect a drop in blood volume what happens?

A

There is an increase in water retained for absorption

25
Q

Though other brain structures are involved in regulation of sexual behavior, the ____ is of major importance

A

Hypothalamus

26
Q

Damage to the hypothalamus may also lead to hypogonadal conditions characterized by what?

A

Lack of sexual motivation, underdeveloped genitals, lack of secondary sexual characteristics

27
Q

What is the effect of hormone replacement therapy in AH vs VMH-lesioned female mammals>

A

Lesions abolish estrus in VMH-lesioned females, but this can be reversed with hormone therapy

28
Q

What does the reduction of the refractory period in hypothalamus-midbrain lesioned male rats suggest?

A

The hypothalamus may inhibit sexual activity normally

29
Q

What is the difference in sham rage and true rage

A

Sham rage was what he called rage seen is decortical cats becuse it was assumed that rage couldnt exist without the cortex. However, they presented in very similar ways, except the sham rage wasn’t directed at the stimulus.

30
Q

How is the domestic order of monkeys maintained?

A

Aggression and threats of aggression

31
Q

Aggressive responses can still be obtained from which area of the brain and what responses are given in the text?

A

The Periaqueductal Grey (PAG) area of the brain still gives responses like spitting, hissing, and snarling

32
Q

3 Types of aggression shown in the text

A

Predatory aggression- aggression elicited by a natural object of prey
Intermale aggression- released in the presence of another male
Territorial- in defense of a territory, usually against own species

33
Q

How may some maladaptive behaviors (such as phobias) be learned?

A

Accidental pairings of a neutral stimulus and negative emotional or motivational states

34
Q

How is introceptive conditioning defined?

A

Classical conditioning where the CS, USC, or both is applied directly to the internal organs or the mucosa

35
Q

According to Razran, why are we often unaware of the reasons for our behavior?

A

It is the result of interoceptive conditioning

36
Q

Associations that an organism apparently can’t learn are called

A

Contra-prepared associations

37
Q

What did Bernstein seek to determine about cancer patients and loss of appetite?

A

If the loss of appetite was a learned aversion because of associating the taste of food eaten before nausea-inducing chemotherapy

38
Q

What is operant (or instrumental conditioning)?

A

Reinforcement by appropriate responses; Conditioning occurs as a consequence of a response

39
Q

Why do positive and negative contrast effects have important implications for the motivation of behavior?

A

They show that history of reinforcement influences responding to current conditions of reinforcement

40
Q

How does a generalized conditioned reinforcer gain its reinforcement properties

A

From the several primary reinforcers with which is has been paired

41
Q

Money is not only a generalized reinforcer, it is a ____

A

token of the other reinforcers it can buy

42
Q

What did Miller’s study of classical-operant interactions demonstrate?

A

Fear can be acquired, and it’s reduction will motivate new learning

43
Q

A neutral stimulus can acquire emotional or motivational properties that lead to what?

A

Changes in behavior

44
Q

An important point is that observational learning occurs without either ____ or ____

A

Practicing a response, reinforcement

45
Q

Before we can profit from the modeled behavior of others, what must we do first?

A

Attend to their behavior

46
Q

When we alter our behavior as a result of observing the consequences of others, these patterns are called

A

Vicarious reinforcement

47
Q

How may human aggression be reinforced and maintained by secondary reinforcement?

A

Approval by peers, Increased attention

48
Q

When do people learn the rules of sexual behavior, according to Luria?

A

Adolescence

49
Q

Name Klinger’s 5 Disengagement phases and describe one briefly

A
  1. Invigoration - if blocked from reaching a goal, the individual’s behavior will briefly get stronger
  2. Primitivization
  3. Aggression
  4. Depression
  5. Recovery
50
Q

Working through grief is a disengagement process with what 4 dimensions?

A
  1. Shock or numbness
  2. Yearning for the lost person
  3. Disorientation and disorganization
  4. Resolution and reorganization
51
Q

Telling someone to continue living for . your . children is what?

A

Providing an incentive

52
Q

The secondary system of receptors that detect chemical indicators of sexual readiness is called the

A

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

53
Q

The ____ generated by Pavlov’s discrimination experiment was apparently the result of the increasing difficulty of the discrimination

A

Experimental neuroses

54
Q

Counterconditioning is generally preferred over extinction because

A

A specific positive response replaces the negative conditioned response

55
Q

What causes the condition called hypovolemia?

A

A reduction of fluid balance in extracellular space

56
Q

LH lesions vs VMH lesions

A

Need to be forced to eat but maintain themselves at a lower body weight over time; Massively overeat but fussy about what they eat

PSYC 3320 Test 2 (1 decks)

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