Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 317 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

When do we sleep?

A

Circadian rhythms last about 24hrs. A variety of cues are responsible for entraining the circadian cycles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lesions to the medial hypothalamus and SCN disrupted what in rats?

A

Circadian rhythms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

SCN transplants showed what?

A

That it is a major circadian clock cue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What pathway does light follow?

A

Light goes to rods and cones– neural transduction goes to bipolar cells— then ganglion cell– then cranial nerve 2– LGN of thalamus– then to primary visual cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the retinohypothalamic pathway?

A

Specialised ganglion cells in the retina respond to the presence/absence of light–send a neural signal to the SCN– then to the SPZ of hypothalamus– then DMN of hypothalamus to stimulate orexin neurons of the LH and inhibit sleep neurons of the POA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can entrain the sleep/wake pathway?

A

Light via activation of the retinohypothalamic pathway. Other zeitgebers, SCN cell cultures will also keep a circadia rhythm so something within cells themselves, melatonin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is melatonin?

A

A hormone secreted at night by the pineal gland. Target is the hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does melatonin cause sleepiness?

A

No it just acts on SCN cells to increase their sensitivity to other zeitgebers. Pinealectomy has little effect on circadian rhythm. In longer nights more melatonin is secreted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are supplements regulated?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Taking melatonin exogenously does what?

A

Acts as a melatonin receptor agonist. Changes are attributed to a “chronobiotic” effect- nocturnal phase acceleration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does natural sunlight do?

A

Sunlight in the am will cue you to wake up. Darkness in the pm will cue you to sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does sunlight have an effect on mood?

A

Light causes activation of the orexin neurons of the LH and causes arousal– increases levels of 5HT and NE in the brain which are targets of antidepressant drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do we sleep?

A

Place is important as it provides cues for your brain- sleep hygiene involves having a specified, safe, calm, comfortable, dark place to sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are microsleeps?

A

A very brief period of sleep, or a local sleep change in tyhe brain despite objective waking state. Happen when doing a boring task.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 established benefits of naps?

A
  1. Reduced subjective fatigue and drowsiness
  2. Improved reaction time, vigilance, attention
  3. Decreased confusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long and when should you nap?

A

In the afternoon for about 10 minutes. Stage 1 and 2 have better performance boosts.Don’t let yourself into SWS, REM sleep is better.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is sleep hygiene?

A

Habits and practices that facilitate good quality sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are disorders of the sleep/wake cycle?

A

Insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome, narcolepsy (fall asleep when you shouldn’t).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are disorders of SWS? Parasomnia

A

Bedwetting, night terrors, sleepwalking, sleepeating/driving etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are disorders of REM?

A

REM sleep behaviour disorder- a lack of core atone during REM which enables you to get up and move.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Abruptly falling soundly asleep when you should be awake. Often co presents with cataplexy. ~0.2% of global pop affected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

Abruptly losing muscle tone usually in response to a strong emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is evident in human cases of narcolepsy?

A

Orexin CSF levels are 1/3 of that of the normal population, might be an autoimmune.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CNS depressents

A

Reduce activity in the CNS by reducing neuronal activity. They are a GABA receptor agonist. Cause behaviour, motor and cognitive slowing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the major issues with CNS depressants?

A

Functional impairment, tolerance, dependance, abuse, interaction/synergistic effect. Keep you in stage 2 sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What can first generation antihistamines used for? (histamine receptor antagonists)

A

Sleeping. Second gen won’t cause drowsiness as they don’t cross the BBB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Can you use opioids and antidepressants for sleep medication?

A

Yes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Can you use adenosine for sleeping?

A

No it doesn’t cross the BBB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Can you block orexin to sleep?

A

Yes. In the process of being approved. However also might block hunger (anti-obesity).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Can GABA agonists, or block GABA receptors be used to promote wakefulness?

A

No it will cause overactivation= seizure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Can you block histamine receptor activation or use histamine receptor antagonists to cause wakefulness?

A

No it will cause major allergic reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Can you block opioid receptor activation or use opioid receptor agonists to cause wakefulness?

A

No it will cause major pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Can you block the adenosine receptor to cause wakefulness?

A

Yes we do this all the time- coffee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Can we activate the orexin receptor to cause wakefulness?

A

Being investigated but orexin doesn’t cross BBB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define sex

A
  1. noun is anatomical classification of male/female.

2. verb is behaviour of copulation as part of reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is sexual differentiation driven by?

A
  1. Genetic programming driven by sex chromosome.

2. Presence/absence of sex hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When does sexual differentiation start at?

A

Time zero/fertilisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens 0-6 weeks in utero?

A

Biopotential everything.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What happens 7+ weeks in utero?

A

Sry gene on Y chromosome triggers Sry protein productions, which drives development of testes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens if you have an XX embryo but put Sry protein?

A

Drive testicular development.

41
Q

What if there was a mutation in the Sry or Sry receptor?

A

Genetically male and develop female.

42
Q

What is an intersex individual?

A

A person who has a novel, non stereotypical sexual genotype, phenotype or genotype/phenotype combination.

43
Q

What happens in 9+ weeks in utero?

A

Testes if present produce TEST and MIS which drive the development of the Wolffian system, TEST spurs development of the penis and scrotum from the biopotential precursor. If absent then female development progresses.

44
Q

What happens if you expose an XX embryo to TEST?

A

Will have ovaries and then penis/scrotum and Wolffian development. Since there is no MIS the mullarian tract is present as well.

45
Q

What happens if someone was XO?

A

Turner’s Syndrome. No ovaries, but mullarian and vagina. No secondary sex characteristics.

46
Q

What are sex hormones?

A

Are steroid hormones produced by the gonads and adrenal cortex. And must exhibit negative feedback.

47
Q

What is Androgen Insensitivity syndrome?

A

A mutation in the Androgen receptor which is non responsive to TEST.

48
Q

What is androgenital syndrome?

A

Adrenal hyperactivity leads to excessive TEST production by the adrenals. Puberty a bit earlier in males, females internally have ovaries and mullarian system and have ambiguous genitalia. Treat by cortisol.

49
Q

What is the sex hormone cascade?

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH every hour which travels to AP and causes release of FSH and LH which travel to the gonads.

50
Q

What effects do FSH and LH have?

A
  1. Promote fertility

2. Promote sex hormone

51
Q

What is the sexually dimorphic nucleus in rats?

A

The medial POA. If you get rid of it males don’t engage in sex, females only produce lordosis.

52
Q

Could you take TEST to inhibit spermatogenesis?

A

No similar to anabolic steroids, secondary sex characteristics would decline.

53
Q

What is Flibanserin (Addyi)?

A

Marketed as female viagra. Is a 5HT1A receptor agonist.

54
Q

What is Viagra?

A

Is a PDE5 enzyme inhibitor. It is a site specific vasodilator.

55
Q

What happens if you suppress FSH and LH?

A

Infertile, testicular atrophy and impotence.

56
Q

Define transgender

A

An incongruence between gender identity and natal sex as defined by a physician.

57
Q

What are the phases of GAHT?

A

Phase 0— psych assessment and counselling, medical assessment and counselling (health risks, compliance’s and fertility), informed consent.
Phase 1—suppress hormone features of natal sex.
Phase 2— add hormone features of identified sex, lifelong GAHT.

58
Q

What are the stages of transitioning?

A
  1. Life experience, psychological assessment
  2. Cross sex hormone treatment (GAHT)
  3. Surgical alteration
  4. Follow up
59
Q

How do you define stress?

A

A response pattern that has behavioural changes, affective changes and activation of the SNS and HPA axis.

60
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

EPI and NE

61
Q

What is the stress HPA cascade?

A

The hypothalamus releases CRH which travels to the AP causing ATCH to be released. This travels to the adrenal glands and releases glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) from the adrenal cortex.

62
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Cortisol.

63
Q

Who is the father of stress research?

A

Hans Selye

64
Q

Selye’s key observations about stress

A
  1. A variety of stimuli can act as stressors
  2. Anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex are involved in stress
  3. Stress has a dual nature (positive or negative)
65
Q

What does the SNS system do? Instant

A

Immediately preps the body to act, spurs attention and awareness, spurs longer term upregulation of immune function. SAM response to release EPI and NE from adrenal medulla. Neural activation of lymphoid organs. Immune cells express adernigic receptors

66
Q

What does the HPA axis do? Hormonal so a bit slower

A

Reinforces the somatic response, directs further energy, reinforces the cognitive response, sours shorter term suppression of immune function. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol which makes energy available (increasing blood glucose) and suppresses immune system (stops cytokine production)

67
Q

How do we sense danger?

A
  1. Sensory systems– thalamus–sensory cortex–association cortex–awareness–SNS activation.
  2. Sensory systems–thalamus–lateral amygdala—-central amygdala–hypothalamus–LH and PVN
68
Q

What does activating the LH neurons do?

A

Orexinergic neuron activation leads to subsequent arousal system activation (histamine, ACh, 5HT, NE)= vigilance and arousal.

69
Q

What does activating the PVN do?

A

Leads to ipsilateral activation of SNS to initiate fight or flight responses.

70
Q

What type of cytokines are being secreted by immune cells in SNS activation?

A

Proinflammatory cytokine upregulation.

71
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex and is released in diurnal circadian cycle. It can activate 2 receptor types

  1. high affinity MR
  2. low affinity GR
72
Q

What is cushings syndrome?

A

Too much cortisol, causes poor wound healing, easy bruising, immune dysfunction, weight gain, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, irregular menstruations and memory problems

73
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Too little cortisol, causes hyperpigmentation of skin, fatigue, lightheadedness, weight loss, hypotension, hypoglycaemia, and development of autoimmune diseases.

74
Q

How can chronic stress make us ill?

A

1) Chronic HPA activation means chronically high cortisol. Of note: metabolic dysfunction, other impairments.
2) Chronic SNS activation strains the body. Of note: CV and respiratory strain, hypervigilance.
3) Immune system distortion.
4) Bad health behaviours. Poor sleep, diet, social connectedness, drug use.

75
Q

What can stressors be?

A
  1. External
  2. Internal
  3. Cognitions
76
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

Perception–physiological–psychological

77
Q

What i the Cannon-Bard view?

A

Perception– physiological and psychological at same time

78
Q

What is the common sense view?

A

Perception– psychological–physiological

79
Q

What is the modern view?

A

All in a circle

80
Q

What is stress in others serving as stimuli defined as?

A

emotional contagion

81
Q

What are the key features of good stress?

A
  1. We choose to do it
  2. It is transient or we can stop it
  3. It is unlikely to seriously harm us
82
Q

What is nervousness?

A

An acute stress response and fear in response to a direct threat.

83
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Is a chronic stress response and fear that persists in the absence of a direct threat.

84
Q

What are the 3 confounds of lab based stress studies?

A
  1. Is it ethical
  2. Experimentally induced stress is usually non biological/extreme (though seeing the shift into studying subordination stress in lab animals), animal would probably never encounter stress in real life, common way in rats is swim test and they don’t using do that and possibly can’t swim= drown
  3. Stress affects other behaviours (sleeping, eating, drug taking, exercise
85
Q

What are the 4 major issues of assessing anxiety?

A
  1. Is it ethical
  2. Where is the cross over from stress to anxiety
  3. Experimentally induced anxiety often involves a real threat e.g electric shock, predator exposure- fear.
  4. Are behavioural measures truly reflective of anxiety. Why go onto a ledge when there’s a rail.
86
Q

What are the treatments of anxiety?

A

Psychotherapeutic, pharmacotherapeutic and maybe electrical in the future

87
Q

Why do we use benzodiazepines?

A

Insomnia and anxiety short term!

88
Q

What does a beta-blocker do?

A

Are adrenergic receptors blockers.

89
Q

How do you reduce anxiety non pharmacologically?

A
  1. Cognitive therapy
  2. Take a deep breath
  3. Change your sensory load
  4. Social engagement
  5. Touch
  6. Have a cry
  7. Exercise
90
Q

Define exercise?

A

Is a dedicated period of physical activity caribe out for health and fitness purposes

91
Q

Define Physical activity

A

Is bodily movement that requires energy expenditure > or equal to 3 MET’s

92
Q

Define sedentary behaviour

A

Is little to no whole body movement, less than 1.5 MET, often characterised by sitting or lying down.

93
Q

What is compulsive exercise?

A

Doing it repetitively and persistently without it leading to a beneficial outcome or despite negative consequences.

94
Q

What do performance enhancing drugs do?

A

Increase athleticism by increasing one of

  1. muscle mass
  2. haematocrit
  3. stamina/alertness
95
Q

What are lifestyle drugs?

A
  1. Using drugs to treat conditions that could also be addressed by lifestyle changes.
  2. Using drugs to satisfy a goal that is non health related or marginally health related.
96
Q

What does aerobic exercise increase?

A
  1. Angiogenesis
  2. Oxygen and glucose utilisation- linked to more vascular, become more efficient
  3. Grey and white matter- new neurons have to be used
97
Q

What are the brains networks?

A
  1. Default Mode Network (DMN)
  2. Central Executive Network (CEN)
  3. Salience Network (SN)
98
Q

What are the confounds to exercise research?

A

Confounds- of rats-small enclosure=deprived environments. Wheel-not reflective of human exercise patterns. Forced by punishment (treadmill)- electric shock panel at the end, running because you’re scared. Of humans- doesn’t give info about regular exercise. Lifestyle cofounds (diet/sleep)- might have to supervise. Recruitment, compliance and drop out rates.

99
Q

What does frequent sedentary behaviour cause?

A
  1. Worsens triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the blood.
  2. Worsens glucose utilisation
  3. Worsens bone mineral density, blood pressure and vascular health
  4. Increases the risk for obesity

Psychology 317 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions