test 2

Question 1

genetically identical twins are called

Answer 1

monozygotic

Question 2

non identical twins are called

Answer 2

dizygotic

Question 3

how to test nature vs nurture in twins?

Answer 3

look for correlation in two different traits, between two sets of MZ and DZ twins, if there is a difference it is most likley nature, if there is little difference then it is most likely nurture

Question 4

what is epigenetics

Answer 4

the study of how genes are switched on and off through the environment

Question 5

what is a genome

Answer 5

the entire set of genetic information that does not change

Question 6

how dies genetics effect twins

Answer 6

as the twins get older their epigentics will switch off and on different genes in their genome.

Question 7

what did we see in babies of institutions

Answer 7

much smaller brain development bc of neglect

Question 8

what is cognitive development

Answer 8

growth in the intellectual capabilities, particularly in the early years of life

Question 9

what is social development

Answer 9

growth int he ability to function effectively in the social world, by controlling emotions, maintaining relationships and establishing a personal identity.

Question 10

moral development

Answer 10

growth in reasoning about personal right, responsibility and social obligations.

Question 11

how can we describe competent newborns

Answer 11

turns head torwars voices
see 8-12 inches from face
will look at human like shapes longer
will keep attention longer with eye contact

Question 12

define attachment

Answer 12

strong emotional bond with caregiver
basis for normal emotional and social development
some animals form attachment through imprinting

Question 13

what is imprinting

Answer 13

learning that occurs at a particular point in life
its very rapid
in the form of animals imprinting the consequence doesn’t matter
first 36 hours of baby geeses life

Question 14

what did harrlows experiment shoes

Answer 14

primates had a fundamental intristic need for comfort,
given two mothers one soft one wire
wire provided food
soft provided touch
like the soft better
if not provided touch became very fucked up

Question 15

how else can prolonged deprivation affect young

Answer 15

increase the risk of physical, psychological and social problems
alters brain serotonin levels

Question 16

what is bowlby’s attachment theory

Answer 16

the bonds of atachment of a child and parent have lifelong effects

Question 17

what is the strange situation paradigm

Answer 17

a researcher records a childs response to a sequence of events where a mom and child interact, separate, and reunite.

Question 18

what are 4 attachment types under the strange situation paradigm

Answer 18

secure
avoidant
anxious
disorganized

Question 19

define secure attachment

Answer 19

child is happy and exploitative
mom is sensitive and quick
both believe their trust and needs will be met.

Question 20

what is maturation

Answer 20

physiological ripening of the nervous system that allows us to participate in experiences that contribute to development

Question 21

steps of maturation

Answer 21

maturation always happens in sequence
roll over before crawling
crawling before walking
walking before running

Question 22

what did jean Piaget believe

Answer 22

children learn differently than adults
biology id the driving force behind intellectual development
as well as experiences
while cognitive development is shaped by errors

Question 23

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 23

sensorimotor period(0-2)
preoperational period(2-7)
concrete operational period(7-11)
formal operation period(11 to death)

Question 24

what is the sensorimotor period

Answer 24

experience the world through all senses
does not have object permanency, if you cant see or sense and object it doesn’t exist, however critics disagree saying babies do understand abstract values such as bigger vs smaller and basic laws of physics.

Question 25

what is the preoperational stage

Answer 25

begin to use language to represent objects and ideas, egocentric, cant understand others point of view, doesn't understand conservation, aka 100ml of water in two different sized cups may engage in pretend play

Question 26

what is the theory of mind

Answer 26

the ability to understand another persons point of view or beliefs, intents, or desires, and to understand they can differ from your own remember the ball and box puppets, kids with downs can solve it but kids with autism cant

Question 27

what is the concrete operational period

Answer 27

ability for logical thinking, can demonstrate concept of conservation has theory of mind can transform math

Question 28

what is the formal operational period

Answer 28

``` can perform abstract reasoning manipulate object without seeing them hypothesis testing trial and error metacognition ```

Question 29

what is a schemea

Answer 29

a mental structure that makes organized meaningful actions possible as a way to interpret the worlds think dogs and horses

Question 30

assimilation and accommodation in schemas

Answer 30

assimilation: assigning something to a schema accommodation: changing ur schema based on what you see.

Question 31

what is a WEIRD society

Answer 31

``` white educated industrialized rich democratic 12% of the population but 80% of study participants ```

Question 32

what are the two types of intelligence

Answer 32

crystallized intelligence: accumulated over a lifetime, always increasing fluid intelligence: ability to solve abstract problems quickly peaks at 20s and dips form there

Question 33

what are the 3 stages

Answer 33

``` pre mortality(0-7) conventional mortality(7-16 peaking at 13) post-conventional mortality(7- adulthood) ```

Question 34

what is pre conventional mortality(think medicine example)

Answer 34

its wrong bc i will get in trouble

Question 35

what is conventional mortality(think medicine example)

Answer 35

its wrong bc it illegal

Question 36

what is post conventional mortality(think medicine example)

Answer 36

fuck that shit imma save my mom

Question 37

how do teenagers work with idenity

Answer 37

try out different selves until they are comfortable

Question 38

what are the 4 identity statuses

Answer 38

identity acheivment(high crisis and commitment) foreclosure(high commitment low crisis) identiy diffusion(low crisis and commitment) moratorium(low commitment high crisis)

Question 39

whgat are the challenges in adulthood

Answer 39

``` decline in: strength motor abilities sensory abilities cognitive abilities memory and fluid intelligence ```

Question 40

what dos the SOC model mean

Answer 40

selection optimization compensation

Question 41

how is the SOC model used

Answer 41

think last rocky movie, work only on what you are good at and make it compensate for everything else.

Question 42

what did harlow work on

Answer 42

monkey attachment experiment

Question 43

what did knrad lorenz state

Answer 43

animals attach through imprinting.

Question 44

what did bowlby work on

Answer 44

attachment theory, parents and children have important bond

Question 45

what did mary ainsworth work on

Answer 45

strange situation paradigm, with mother and kid, gave 4 attachment types

Question 46

what did jean piagent work on

Answer 46

cognitive development stages

Question 47

what did lawrence kohlberg work on

Answer 47

3 stages of moral development

Question 48

what did james marcia work on

Answer 48

the 4 identity stages