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test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

genetically identical twins are called

A

monozygotic

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2
Q

non identical twins are called

A

dizygotic

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3
Q

how to test nature vs nurture in twins?

A

look for correlation in two different traits, between two sets of MZ and DZ twins, if there is a difference it is most likley nature, if there is little difference then it is most likely nurture

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4
Q

what is epigenetics

A

the study of how genes are switched on and off through the environment

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5
Q

what is a genome

A

the entire set of genetic information that does not change

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6
Q

how dies genetics effect twins

A

as the twins get older their epigentics will switch off and on different genes in their genome.

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7
Q

what did we see in babies of institutions

A

much smaller brain development bc of neglect

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8
Q

what is cognitive development

A

growth in the intellectual capabilities, particularly in the early years of life

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9
Q

what is social development

A

growth int he ability to function effectively in the social world, by controlling emotions, maintaining relationships and establishing a personal identity.

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10
Q

moral development

A

growth in reasoning about personal right, responsibility and social obligations.

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11
Q

how can we describe competent newborns

A

turns head torwars voices
see 8-12 inches from face
will look at human like shapes longer
will keep attention longer with eye contact

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12
Q

define attachment

A

strong emotional bond with caregiver
basis for normal emotional and social development
some animals form attachment through imprinting

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13
Q

what is imprinting

A

learning that occurs at a particular point in life
its very rapid
in the form of animals imprinting the consequence doesn’t matter
first 36 hours of baby geeses life

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14
Q

what did harrlows experiment shoes

A

primates had a fundamental intristic need for comfort,
given two mothers one soft one wire
wire provided food
soft provided touch
like the soft better
if not provided touch became very fucked up

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15
Q

how else can prolonged deprivation affect young

A

increase the risk of physical, psychological and social problems
alters brain serotonin levels

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16
Q

what is bowlby’s attachment theory

A

the bonds of atachment of a child and parent have lifelong effects

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17
Q

what is the strange situation paradigm

A

a researcher records a childs response to a sequence of events where a mom and child interact, separate, and reunite.

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18
Q

what are 4 attachment types under the strange situation paradigm

A

secure
avoidant
anxious
disorganized

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19
Q

define secure attachment

A

child is happy and exploitative
mom is sensitive and quick
both believe their trust and needs will be met.

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20
Q

what is maturation

A

physiological ripening of the nervous system that allows us to participate in experiences that contribute to development

21
Q

steps of maturation

A

maturation always happens in sequence
roll over before crawling
crawling before walking
walking before running

22
Q

what did jean Piaget believe

A

children learn differently than adults
biology id the driving force behind intellectual development
as well as experiences
while cognitive development is shaped by errors

23
Q

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor period(0-2)
preoperational period(2-7)
concrete operational period(7-11)
formal operation period(11 to death)

24
Q

what is the sensorimotor period

A

experience the world through all senses
does not have object permanency, if you cant see or sense and object it doesn’t exist, however critics disagree saying babies do understand abstract values such as bigger vs smaller and basic laws of physics.

25
Q

what is the preoperational stage

A

begin to use language to represent objects and ideas,
egocentric, cant understand others point of view, doesn’t understand conservation, aka 100ml of water in two different sized cups
may engage in pretend play

26
Q

what is the theory of mind

A

the ability to understand another persons point of view or beliefs, intents, or desires,
and to understand they can differ from your own
remember the ball and box puppets, kids with downs can solve it but kids with autism cant

27
Q

what is the concrete operational period

A

ability for logical thinking, can demonstrate concept of conservation
has theory of mind
can transform math

28
Q

what is the formal operational period

A 
can perform abstract reasoning
manipulate object without seeing them
hypothesis testing
trial and error
metacognition
29
Q

what is a schemea

A

a mental structure that makes organized meaningful actions possible as a way to interpret the worlds think dogs and horses

30
Q

assimilation and accommodation in schemas

A

assimilation: assigning something to a schema
accommodation: changing ur schema based on what you see.

31
Q

what is a WEIRD society

A 
white
educated
industrialized
rich
democratic 
12% of the population 
but 80% of study participants
32
Q

what are the two types of intelligence

A

crystallized intelligence: accumulated over a lifetime, always increasing
fluid intelligence: ability to solve abstract problems quickly
peaks at 20s and dips form there

33
Q

what are the 3 stages

A 
pre mortality(0-7)
conventional mortality(7-16 peaking at 13)
post-conventional mortality(7- adulthood)
34
Q

what is pre conventional mortality(think medicine example)

A

its wrong bc i will get in trouble

35
Q

what is conventional mortality(think medicine example)

A

its wrong bc it illegal

36
Q

what is post conventional mortality(think medicine example)

A

fuck that shit imma save my mom

37
Q

how do teenagers work with idenity

A

try out different selves until they are comfortable

38
Q

what are the 4 identity statuses

A

identity acheivment(high crisis and commitment)
foreclosure(high commitment low crisis)
identiy diffusion(low crisis and commitment)
moratorium(low commitment high crisis)

39
Q

whgat are the challenges in adulthood

A 
decline in:
strength
motor abilities 
sensory abilities
cognitive abilities
memory
and fluid intelligence
40
Q

what dos the SOC model mean

A

selection
optimization
compensation

41
Q

how is the SOC model used

A

think last rocky movie, work only on what you are good at and make it compensate for everything else.

42
Q

what did harlow work on

A

monkey attachment experiment

43
Q

what did knrad lorenz state

A

animals attach through imprinting.

44
Q

what did bowlby work on

A

attachment theory, parents and children have important bond

45
Q

what did mary ainsworth work on

A

strange situation paradigm, with mother and kid, gave 4 attachment types

46
Q

what did jean piagent work on

A

cognitive development stages

47
Q

what did lawrence kohlberg work on

A

3 stages of moral development

48
Q

what did james marcia work on

A

the 4 identity stages

psych test 2 (1 decks)

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