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Natural Disasters and Global Changes > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

As climate changes so does

A

Extreme weather

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2
Q

Heat wave

A

sustained high temperatures over a period of weeks can devastate a population

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3
Q

Who suffers most from heat and humidity?

A

children and the elderly

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4
Q

Inter-tropical Convergence zone (ITCZ)

A

where trade winds from the southern and northern hemispheres meet in the tropics

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5
Q

Rising warm air in the northern hemisphere creates a low-pressure zone called ______

A

A cyclone

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6
Q

Fronts

A

The boundaries between different air masses

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7
Q

High temperatures in conjunction with drying conditions can lead to ___

A

Droughts

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8
Q

2 things droughts that occur for several years can cause

A

1- Agriculture losses

2- Famine

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9
Q

High temperatures and low humidity can occur from changes in positions of _______ blocking moisture generated in atmospheric convergence zones

A

Jet streams

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10
Q

Jet stream

A

Fast-moving belts of air in the upper troposphere that flow towards the east

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11
Q

What are 2 impacts that a long drought can cause

A

1- Depopulation of a region

2- Change is economies

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12
Q

Why is it expected that droughts will worsen

A

Due to climate change

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13
Q

Strong wind, or an overwhelming dust storm is known as a ____

A

Haboob

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14
Q

Humidex

A

Index which combines temperature and relative humidity. Describes how we feel on a hot day

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15
Q

2 reasons heat kill fewer people in Canada nowadays

A

1- Air conditioning

2- Health awareness

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16
Q

What are winter storms associated with

A

Counter-clockwise rotating air masses “lows” often enhanced through jet stream throughs

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17
Q

Nor’easter

A

Large scale cyclone known for creating storms in Atlantic Canada and the northeastern United States

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18
Q

What do the production of winter storms depend on

A
  • Local conditions

- Presence of open bodies of water

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19
Q

Blizzards

A

Most violent winter storm

- Include strong winds and cold temperatures

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20
Q

4 qualities of a blizzard as described by Environment Canada

A

1- Wind speed of >40km/h
2- Temperature less then 0deg or windchill >-25deg
3- Visibility of less then 1km
4- Duration of at lest 3-6 hours

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21
Q

Thunder storms are generated from

A

Tall, buoyant, cumulus clouds of rising moist air

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22
Q

Qualities of an air-mass thunderstorm

A
  • Generated by local heating and uplift of an air mass

- Relatively small (can produce tornadoes)

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23
Q

Qualities of a severe thunderstorm

A
  • Generated by collisions of weather system fronts (along collision zones)
  • Typically to the east of jet stream upper level troughs
  • A cold front can wedge under warm moist air driving it upwards creating a line of storms
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24
Q

5 storm related things thunderstorms can generate

A 
1- Lighting
2- Thunder
3- Rain
4- Gusty winds
5- Hail
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25
Q

Single cell TS are generated by

A

warm air rising

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26
Q

Single cell TS have _____ movement

A

Verticle

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27
Q

Super-cell TS are a

A

violent and severe type of thunderstorm that forms from a huge updraft of air

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28
Q

A super cell can cover an area with a diameter of _____ and can last up for _____

A

20-50km

2-4 hours

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29
Q

Super cell thunderstorms known with a mesocyclone can cause

A

Tornadoes

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30
Q

Rain and hail commonly fall from the leading part of of the super cell, while tornadoes may spin out of the _____

A

Trailing portion

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31
Q

A major factor in weather related deaths is

A

Lightning

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32
Q

3 types of significant damage caused by lightning

A

1- Forest fires
2- Physical damage to structures
3- Physical damage to electronics

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33
Q

_____ are generated by severe thunderstorms and are associated with hurricanes and cyclones

A

Tornadoes

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34
Q

When do tornadoes occur

A

When air masses moving in different directions collide

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35
Q

Polar air masses

A
  • Are cold and dry

- Are cool to cold

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36
Q

Tropical (maritime) air masses

A
  • Are warm to hot

- Moist cool or warm

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37
Q

Continental air masses

A
  • hot and dry
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38
Q

Hadley cells

A
  • Huge air circulation patterns
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39
Q

Warm, moist equatorial air rises in giant columns to high altitudes, where it cools and drops its condensed moisture as abundant rain on the ____

A

Tropics

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40
Q

Hadley/Ferrel interface at 30deg

A

High pressure zone

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41
Q

Ferrel/Polar interface at 60deg

A

Low pressure zone

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42
Q

El Nino is caused by

A

Weather patterns from variation in surface water temps and wind directions primarily off the Pacific coast of South America

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43
Q

El Nino can cause extreme weather such as

A

Droughts and floods

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44
Q

Trade winds blow warm surface waters westward piling warm water in the ______

A

Western pacific

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45
Q

Low pressure occurs in the ____, from colder replacement surface waters and upwellings

A

East

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46
Q

Piled waters from the west flow “downhill” to the east, bringing warm and clouds to the Pacific coast of South America (_____)

A

El Nino

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47
Q

La Nina

A
  • El Nino’s sister
  • Occurs when cooler water moves into the equatorial Pacific Ocean
  • Cold air with high precip to northwestern USA and western Canada
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48
Q

4 ideal conditions to generate a hurricane

A

1- Seawater temp >27deg (adds latent heat to fuel storm)
2- Humid, warm, unstable air (creates convection)
3- Weak upper level winds blowing in same direction as developing storm
4- 500km from equator (needs Coriolis effect to deflect surface winds)

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49
Q

Warm water builds up on the Australian side, if the trade winds change it can build a _____

A

Cyclone

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50
Q

Off the coast of Africa is the ____

A

Bermuda high

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51
Q

The Bermuda high can direct ______

A

Hurricanes

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52
Q

Hurricanes that are _____ can cause more destruction

A

Stationary

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53
Q

Surges

A

Temporarily raise sea level over six meters caused by storm winds and low pressure

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54
Q

Saffir-Simpson scale

A

Measure potential damage

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55
Q

The height of the water is greatest when _______

A

The speed of the wind is at max

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56
Q

The spinning causes the surge to be the greatest in the _____ quadrant of the storm as it makes landfall

A

Right

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57
Q

Height is greater if landfall coincides with _____

A

High tide

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58
Q

A relatively thin shell of gases surrounds Earth is known as the

A

Atmosphere

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59
Q

Atlantic storms that effect Canada and the USA are caused by

A

Noreasterns

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60
Q

How is the atmosphere mainly heated

A

From the ground upward

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61
Q

____________ move along jet streams and have two frontal systems, warm and cold fronts

A

Low pressure systems

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62
Q

Where is the tropopause located

A

Below the stratosphere

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63
Q

5 layers of the atmosphere

A 
1- Exosphere (outter most)
2- Thermosphere 
3- Mesosphere
4- Stratosphere
5- Troposphere
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64
Q

In what sphere does our weather occur

A

Troposphere

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65
Q

What is fire

A

The rapid combination of oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen

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66
Q

What 3 things can fire fuel be made up of

A

1- Cellulose or hemicellelose
2- Lignin
3- Resins, oil, fats, terpines

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67
Q

What is cellulose or hemicellelous made up of and at what temp does it burn

A

50-75% plant material

Burns at low temps, visible flame

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68
Q

What does lignin do and at what temperature does it burn at

A

Gives wood its strength

Burns at higher temps, glowing hot coals

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69
Q

Resins, oils, fats, terpines tend to produces other _____ and they flame up ______

A

gases

suddenly

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70
Q

What percentage of the earths atmosphere is Oxygen

A

21%

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71
Q

When it is warm, dry (drought) or summer climates what is likely to happen

A

Fires

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72
Q

What are the 3 stages of fire

A

1- Preheating
2- Pyrolysis
3- Complete combustion

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73
Q

What 2 things happens in the preheating stage of the fire

A

1- Drives water out of combustible material

2- Raises temperature

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74
Q

What 2 things happen in the Pyrolysis stage of the fire

A

1- Thermal degradation into flammable hydrocarbons, plus water vapor, CO, CO2, and mineral residues (carbon rich)
2- Gases may ignite and combustion begins

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75
Q

What is flaming combustion

A

The max energy release in a fire

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76
Q

What does white smoke signify

A

Gases are being broke down releasing oxygen and leaving carbon

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77
Q

What does black smoke signify

A

Incomplete combustion. Unburned wood fragments, ashes, gases

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78
Q

Convection and radiation heat moves

A

Up and away

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79
Q

Conduction heat moves

A

Inward

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80
Q

What 3 ways can wildfires spread

A

1- move along the ground with glowing combustion
2- Advance as a wall along flaming combustion front
3- Race through tree tops as a crown fire

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81
Q

What 4 fire behaviors strengthen the fire

A

1- Heat creates unstable air conditions
2- Rising air in convection columns
3- May spin off fire tornadoes
4- Wing sucked in at bottom adding oxygen

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82
Q

What are 2 ways to suppress a fire

A

1- burn back

2- remove fuel, soak with water/chemical

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83
Q

What are 3 weather conditions necessary for a fire

A

1- Low relative humidity
2- Strong winds
3- Lightening activity

84
Q

Under natural conditions, frequency of fires depends on _____ and type of _________

A

Climate

Type of vegetation

85
Q

What climate will not burn

A

Tropical rainforest

86
Q

During the bombardment phase _____ formed from condensation of “degassed” water vapor over _______ ago

A

Oceans

4 Ga

87
Q

What percentage of the earths surface is covered in water? Average depth?
Land? Average height?

A

70% 3.8km deep

30% 830m above sea level

88
Q

It is thought that H2O and H2 had come from the _____-

A

Solar nebula

89
Q

What are concentrations of the oceans salinity affected by

A

By the evaporation rates or the addition of fresh water

90
Q

What 2 dissolved atmospheric gases does seawater contain

A

1- Nitrogen

2- Oxygen

91
Q

What are the 3 layers of ocean structure and what are their depths

A

1- Shallow surface zone (to - 450m)
2- transition zone
3- deep zone ( >1500m)

92
Q

What is the term used for between a transition zone where temperature rapidly falls

A

Thermocline

93
Q

What are 2 of the long term changes in sea level

A

1- Eustatic changes

2- Tectonic related changes

94
Q

What are the 3 types of water movement

A

1- Waves
2- Tides
3- Currents

95
Q

What are the 4 types of water currents

A

1- Local and regional scales
2- Tidal currents
3 Wave currents - surface movement, wind control
4- Density currents (vertical)

96
Q

What do density currents produce

A

Thermohaline circulation

97
Q

How many years does it take surface waters that move into deeper currents to return to the surface

A

It can take up to 2000 years

98
Q

The continuous circulation of earths water supply is called the

A

Hydrologic cycle

99
Q

What type of water is the dominant agent of erosion and transport

A

Surface run off

100
Q

Bodies of water confined in a channel, moving under the influence of gravity is called a

A

Stream

101
Q

What are the 2 types of streams

A

1- Longitudinal profile

2- Cross-sections

102
Q

What type of stream begins in a steeper area and flows across gentle plain to ocean

A

Longitudinal

103
Q

What type of stream is typically v-shaped cutting into the bedrock of mountainous regions

A

Cross-sections

104
Q

What is the term for a ridge of high ground separating basins and an example

A

Drainage divide

Continental divide

105
Q

What is it called when a total area is drained by a stream and its tributaries

A

Drainage basin

106
Q

What drainage basin covers most of North America

A

Mississippi River drainage basin

107
Q

What is the main factor that effects stream erosion or deposition

A

Velocity

108
Q

When does the greatest amount of transport and erosion occur

A

During the flood stage

109
Q

What is the term for when water level in a river is equal to the height of the banks

A

Bankfull

110
Q

The process of deepening a valley is called

A

Downcutting

111
Q

What are the 3 stream stages

A

1- Youth
2- Mature
3- Old age

112
Q

What stream stage is characterized by rapids, waterfalls, narrow v-shape valleys, steep gradient, little to no floodplain

A

Youth

113
Q

What stream stage is characterized by a floodplain formed, meanders develop, lower gradient, smooth profile

A

Mature

114
Q

What stream stage is it when the floodplain is several times wider than active meander belt

A

Old age

115
Q

7 hydrologic conditions that may lead to flooding

A

1- rainfall
2- heavy rainfall on frozen/unsaturated ground
3- Rapid snow melt/rain/snow-pack
4- Large drainage area into constrained channel
5- Narrow channel, no floodplain
6- Impervious ground
7- Lack of/removal of vegetation

116
Q

3 Human influences that can cause flooding

A

1- Upstream urbanization
2- Channelization
3- Dam failure

117
Q

Changes in the sun can affect the whole

A

Planet

118
Q

What are emitted as plasma streams or a solar wind that moves outward in all directions

A

Charged particles emitted from the sun

119
Q

What is produced by nuclear fussion reactions in the sun

A

Electromagnetic radiation

120
Q

Especially in the polar regions solar winds may interact with air molecules in the ______

A

Ionosphere

121
Q

Charged particles may be concentrated into ____ for example the ____

A

belts

van allen belt

122
Q

Mostly solar winds are

A

Deflected around the earth

123
Q

Radiation that moves with the speed of light

A

Electromagnetic radition

124
Q

Protons and electrons emitted by the sun, which carry energy towards earth are called

A

Charged particles

125
Q

A stream of extremely hot ionized gases ejected from the surface of the sun

A

Plasma streams

126
Q

Stream of energized charged particles streaming in all directions from the sn

A

Solar winds

127
Q

Charged particles from the solar winds are captured by the earths ______

A

Magnetic feild

128
Q

Solar storms are caused by

A

an increase in the solar wind that overpower earths magnetic field

129
Q

What is a stone or metallic rock that comes from space

A

Asteroids

130
Q

What is the name for a dirty snowball from space

A

Comets

131
Q

Asteroids that pass through the earths orbit around the sun

A

Near-earth asteroids

132
Q

An asteroid, comet, meteor, or meteorite that passes through Earth’s orbit around the sun

A

Near-earth objects

133
Q

Scale that measures the risk posed by near-earth objects

A

Torino scale

134
Q

3 ways to change earth bound objects

A

1- nuke them (dumb)
2- deflect them
3- nudge them

135
Q

What are the 3 continued changes in the Earths characteristics

A

1- Distribution of land/water
2- Atmosphere
3- Oceans

136
Q

What occurs in the Phanerozoic Eon to present

A

Visible life, increasing species

137
Q

What are 3 things related to plate tectonics that could have caused the extinction of dinosaurs

A

1- Sea floor spreading rates
2- volcanism
3- continent size and position

138
Q

What rocks are formed in
warm climates:
Cool conditions:

A

WC: Coral reefs, limestone, aluminum ore
CC: Glacial erosion and deposits

139
Q

What is one of the reasons for global change

A

Jet streams

140
Q

What are the characteristics of the Mesozoic Era

A

Pangea
Dinosaurs
Warm earth

141
Q

What are the characteristics of the Cenozoic Era

A

55 Ma- cooling trend, CO2 and CH4 removed from atmosphere
44 Ma- Antarctica surrounded by water
14 Ma- Glacial ice sheet Antarctica, mountains NA
2.5 Ma- ice sheets in northern hemisphere

142
Q

Why are future temperatures expected in increase

A

due to anthropocentric CO2 emissions -IPCC

143
Q

What 5 happenings have lead to global change

A 
1- Breakup of Pangea
2- Change circulation patterns
3- Land over poles
4- Increasing albedo
5- Continent to continent collision
144
Q

The natural process/phenomenon of the Earth that may cause problems for people

A

Hazard

145
Q

When significant # of people are involved with a hazard, casualties, societal disruptions, property damage

A

Disaster

146
Q

A disaster that can affect an entire country. Needs outside support

A

Catastrophes

147
Q

A natural hazard. Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, asteroid/comets, land slides

A

Geological hazard

148
Q

A natural and human made hazard. Human disease, plant and animal disease (dear ticks -> lyme disease)

A

Biological hazard

149
Q

A natural and man made hazard. Floods, droughts, wildfires, weather phenomena, landslides

A

Weather related hazards

150
Q

What are the 4 reasons that so many casualties happen when disaster strikes third world countries

A

1- low infrastructure
2- low emergency response
3- high population
4- poor government

151
Q

What effects the shape of a rock

A

Strain

152
Q

What 4 things did the massive amount of heat during the earths early stages cause

A

1- Differentiation into layers
2- Primitive crust
3- large oceans
4- Dense atmosphere

153
Q

When did the earth form

A

around 4.5 Ga

154
Q

What is derived from magma made of lighter elements

A

Felsic rock

155
Q

What is derived from magma made of heavier elements

A

Mafic rock

156
Q

Rock modified by heat, pressure and chemical change

A

Metamorphosed

157
Q

What 3 things started the plate tectonics

A

1- Fracturing due to contraction
2- More intense convection
3- Late stage impacts

158
Q

In what Eon did multi-cellular life first start to appear

A

Precambrian

159
Q

Formed in the Archean Eon ____ formed from the highly metamorphosed rocks of continents with later sedimentary rocks on top forming ______

A

Shields

Cratons

160
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of the super-continent Rodinia

A

1- Most continents together

2- Major ice age

161
Q

What was the original atmosphere most likely made up of

A

Helium and hydrogen

162
Q

In the early earth days there was no available _____

A

Oxygen

163
Q

What are the 7 spheres and the make up of the earth

A 
1- Atmosphere
2- Hydrosphere
3- Lithosphere
4- Asthenosphere
5- Mesosphere
6- outer core
7- inner core
164
Q

What are the 4 basic systems/spheres the earth consists of and their compenents

A

1- lithosphere/geosphere = the solid earth
2- Hydrosphere = liquid and solid water
3- Atmosphere = gasses and components
4- Biosphere = organic components

165
Q

At what layer do the 4 spheres converge

A

The life layer

166
Q

What rock has the characteristics of solidify fast at the surface, usually fine grain sizes?

Solidifies slowly beneath the surface, usually coarse grained, and can be exposed at the surface by tectonic processes

A

Extrusive igneous rock

Intrusive igneous rock

167
Q

Unconsolidated sediments are subject to lithifaction from compaction and cementation, these may become _________

A

Sedimentary rocks

168
Q

Previously formed rocks are subjected to metamorphism (heat/pressure/circulating fluids) they may become _________

A

Metamorphic rocks

169
Q

Oceanic crust is dense and composed of

A

Basalt

170
Q

Continental crust is less dense, thicker and typically composed of

A

Granite

171
Q

What is composed of lithosphere broken plates that are in constant motion on the underlying asthenosphere

A

Plate tectonics

172
Q

At what boundary do the plates slide past each other (shear) and create large earthquakes

A

Transform plate boundaries

173
Q

At what boundary do plates move apart (tension) -this created new crust in early stages and can now create smaller earthquakes

A

Divergent zones

174
Q

At what boundary do plates collide (once creating the mountains) and create great earth quakes

A

Convergent zones

175
Q

An isolated region of high temperature deep within the mesosphere that can produce volcanoes is called a

A

Hot spot

176
Q

Rock deforms _____ under low stress

Rock deforms _____ under high stress

A

Elastically

Plastically

177
Q

Waves of energy produced by EQs

A

Seismic waves

178
Q

The point in the earth where seismic waves originate

A

Focus/hypocenter

179
Q

The point of the earth directly above the focus

A

Epicenter

180
Q

Earthquakes are measured with

A

Richter scales

181
Q

What are the 4 things that earthquake size depends on

A

1- Magnitude
2- Distance
3- Materials the wave passes though
4- Directivity of fault rupture

182
Q

If you are to notice a tsunami what should you do

A

Get to high ground

183
Q

4 ways to predict an earthquake

A

1- Foreshocks
2- Surface bulges
3- Changes in porosity/permeability
4- animal behavior

184
Q

3 ways to mitigate/control an earthquake

A

1- Lubricate faults (nuclear explosions
2- Building codes
3- Land use planning

185
Q

Where are the 3 places volcanoes occur

A

1- Divergent plate boundaries
2- Convergent plate boundaries
3- Intra-plate (hot-spots)

186
Q

Material that is explosively ejected from volcanic material composed of ash, lava, and previously hardened debris and gasses

A

Pyroclastic

187
Q

Lahar

A

Water generated flow of unconsolidated pyroclastic debris

188
Q

What 4 rock types are volcanoes made up of

A

1- Rhyolite
2- Andesite
3- Basalt
4- Komattite

189
Q

What volcano has the characteristic of large size, gentle slopes, long life-spans

A

Shield volcano

190
Q

What has the characteristics of flank eruptions on sides of larger volcanoes, form pyroclastic material, and are short lived

A

Pyroclastic cones

191
Q

What type of volcano has large steep sides, can be inactive for long periods, loose material creates other hazards

A

Andesitic volcano (stratovolcanoes)

192
Q

What 4 things can cause a pyroclastic eruption

A

1- dome collapse
2- Magma surges
3- Lateral explosions
4- Gas/ash cloud (column) collapse

193
Q

What has the characteristics of very viscous lava, and tend to form plug domes

A

Rhyolitic explosions

194
Q

What volcano has the characteristics of super viscous lava, high volatile content, high amounts of pyroclastics, and can leave behind calderas

A

Supervolcanoes

195
Q

What are the 5 harmful gases that can be released when a volcano explodes

A 
1- Carbon
2- Sulphur dioxide
3- Hydrogen Sulphides
4- Chlorine
5- Fluorine
196
Q

The gravitational transfer of earths materials down a slope

A

Mass wasting (mass movement)

197
Q

What are the 4 factors that control mass wasting

A

1- Gravity
2- Slope angle
3- Slope materials
4- Water

198
Q

When _____ saturates slope materials it can weaken the bond between grains and change its resistance to movement

A

Water

199
Q

The attraction between small soil particles that is provided by the surface tension of water between the particles

A

Cohesion

200
Q

Water wants to be the same height even on a slope. The water pushes up through the material creating ______

A

Hydraulic pressure

201
Q

2 things affecting slope stability

A

1- Bedding (layers), joints, faults

2- vegetation (binds loose material, but also allows saturation)

202
Q

4 things that can cause an earthquake

A

1- Removal of supporting material at the base
2- Overloading (materials on the slope)
3- Water
4- Earthquakes

203
Q

4 types of mass movement

A

1- Falls - near vertical free fall of material
2- Slides- Translational or rotational - avalanche
3- Flows- Debris, mud or earth, lahar flows
4- Subsidence - Sinking or collapsing of land

204
Q

In a _______ slide ground level drops from its previous height

A

Rotational

205
Q

4 materials prone to landslides

A

1- Lacustrine
2- Marine silts
3- Cretaceous shakes
4- clay

206
Q

6 ways to prevent a landslide

A 
1- Terrain analysis
2- Reduce weight on slopes
3- Flatten/reduce slope angle
4- Plant vegetation
5- Aid water drainage
6- Retaining walls and rock bolts

Natural Disasters and Global Changes (1 decks)

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