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Audiology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sagittal

A

divides from right to left

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2
Q

midsagittal

A

midline plane

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3
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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4
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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5
Q

proximal

A

situated close to

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6
Q

distal

A

situated away from

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7
Q

dextral

A

right

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8
Q

sinistral

A

left

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9
Q

transverse

A

divides top from bottom (horizontal plane)

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10
Q

superior

A

up

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11
Q

inferior

A

down

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12
Q

rostral

A

toward the head

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13
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail

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14
Q

coronal

A

divides front and back

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15
Q

anterior

A

front

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16
Q

posterior

A

back

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17
Q

dorsal

A

towards the back

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18
Q

ventral

A

towards the belly

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19
Q

outer ear

A

collects sound and funnels it to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

changes the spectral (frequency) characteristics of sound which aids in sound localization

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20
Q

middle ear

A

sound wave causes eardrum to vibrate, setting the bones in the middle ear into motion

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21
Q

inner ear (cochlea)

A

turns mechanical vibrations into neural signals

sorts sounds into different frequencies

neural signals are sent from auditory nerve to the brain

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22
Q

what does the temporal bone surround?

A

ear canal, middle ear, and inner ear

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23
Q

what are 4 distinct portions that make up the temporal bone?

A
  1. squamous
  2. petrous
  3. mastoid
  4. tympanic
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24
Q

squamous portion

A

thin and fan like

lateral aspect of the bone

lies anterior and superior to the ear canal

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25
Q

mastoid portion

A

posterior portion of the bone

lies posterior to the ear canal

contains air cells

extends posteriorly from petrous portion, below and behind the squamous and petrous portion and anterior to the mastoid portion

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26
Q

petrous portion

A

pyramid shaped

projects medially from the other 3 portions

only visible in medial view from inside the skull looking out

contains sensory organs of hearing and balance and the internal auditory canal

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27
Q

two main components of the outer ear?

A

Pinna (auricle)

External Auditory Canal (EAC)

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28
Q

Pinna

A

multiple ridges and valleys change the frequency characteristics of sound which helps us localize a sound source

29
Q

External Auditory Canal (EAC)

A

S-like tube that ends at the ear drum

Lateral 1/3 of cartilage contains:

  1. hairs
  2. sebaceous (oil) glands: lubricates the ear canal
  3. cerumenous (wax) glands: keeps away foreign bodies and insects

Medial 2/3 is bone derived from tympanic and squamous portions of the temporal bone

30
Q

Middle ear components

A

tympanic membrane

3 ossicles (bones)

ligaments that suspend ossicles

muscles and tendons

eustachian tube

31
Q

tympanic membrane

A

located at the medial end of the EAC

separates the outer and middle ear

tilts laterally at the top (about 55%)

cone-shaped with peak pointing away from the EAC and into the middle ear

32
Q

What are the two distinct parts of the tympanic membrane?

A

Pars Tensa: inferior 2/3

  1. lateral outer layer: skin continuous with skin of the ear canal
  2. middle layer: dense fibrous tissue that adds stiffness
  3. medial inner layer: continuous with the mucous membrane of the middle ear

Pars Flaccida: superior 1/3

33
Q

Epithelial Migration in the EAC

A

skin in the ear canal begins at the lateral layer of the eardrum (near the umbo)

skin then migrates from the eardrum to the ear canal

skin continues to migrate laterally, working like a conveyor belt, to move wax and debris out as the skin moves

(this is how the ear naturally cleans itself. Happens slowly, at a rate similar to fingernail growth)

34
Q

tympanic membrane connected to the middle ear bones by the _________________

A

manubrium of malleus

35
Q

umbo

A

tip of the manubrium

36
Q

cone of light

A

reflection of light from the otoscope

37
Q

otoscope

A

used to view the tympanic membrane

to view the TM, the pinna must be pulled up and back to straighten the EAC

38
Q

Three parts of the middle ear

A

tympanic cavity: space in the temporal bone behind the TM

epitympanic recess of attic: superior to the level of the TM, contains portions of the incus and malleus

mastoid antrum: enlarged space in the mastoid part of the temporal bone, posterior to the epitympanic recess

39
Q

ossicular chain

A

three smallest bones in the body

transmit vibrations of the TM to the oval window of the cochlea

40
Q

ossicles a part of the ossicular chain

A

malleus

incus

stapes

41
Q

malleus

A

attaches to TM along the maubrium

head extends into the epitympanic recess

connects to the incus

42
Q

incus

A

transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes

43
Q

stapes

A

head attaches to the incus

anterior crus, posterior crus, and footplate for a “stirrup”

footplate attaches to the oval window of the cochlea. movement of the stapes footplate in the oval window sends sound into the cochlea

44
Q

sound transmission through the middle ear system order (5)

A 
TM
Malleus 
Incus 
Stapes 
Inner Ear
45
Q

Stapedius Muscle

A

smallest muscle in the body (protects us from loud noises)

innervated by 7th cranial nerve (facial)

contraction pulls stapes posteriorly, stiffening the ossicular chain (acoustic reflex)

46
Q

tensor tympani

A

4 times longer than stapedius muscle: 25 mm long

innervated by the 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve)

contraction pulls the malleus in the anterior/medial direction and stiffens the ossicular chain

not part of the acoustic reflex in humans

47
Q

acoustic reflex

A

a LOUD sound of any frequency reaching either ear causing:

  1. reflexive contraction of the stapedius muscle in both ears
  2. stiffens the ossicular chain and reduces the transmission of low frequency sounds through the middle ear system
  3. contracts prior to vocalization to reduce voice intensity
48
Q

acoustic reflex protects the ear from ___________

A

loud sounds

49
Q

Functional importance of acoustic reflex

A
  1. Acts as an automatic volume control to reduce high-level inputs to the inner ear
  2. May protect against long term noise damage
    Cannot protect the ear from impulse noise (due to minimum 25-ms response time)
  3. May improve signal-to-noise ratios for speech, by attenuating low frequency sounds without altering high frequency sounds
50
Q

Eustachian tube

A

connects the middle ear to pharynx (throat) to equalize pressure in the middle ear.

tilts downward at a 45 degree angle

**almost horizontal in infants and young children.

51
Q

functions of the outer and middle ears

A

head shadow effect

pinna effect

gain due to ear canal resource

head-related transfer function

gain due to middle ear characteristics

52
Q

azimuth

A

location of sound source in the horizontal plane

53
Q

elevation

A

location of sound in the vertical plane

54
Q

head shadow effect

A

the head impedes the transmission of high frequency sounds (>1500 Hz) to the “far” ear

occurs because high frequency sounds have wavelengths that are smaller, so they cannot bend around the head

55
Q

Pinna effects

A

diffraction and reflection of sound waves by the pinna modify the transmission of high frequency sounds

due to the irregular shape, ridges, and depressions of the pinna

affects sounds with frequencies >4,000 Hz.

how the sound is changed depends on the location of sound source relative to the ear

pinna effects permit some sound localization when binaural cues are not available.

56
Q

what is the resonant frequency of the ear canal?

A

3000-4000 Hz

57
Q

head related transfer function

A

shows changes in sound level due to the presence of the head, pinna, and ear canal as a function of frequency

(provides a way to measure the effects of head, pinna, and ear canal of sound)

58
Q

binaural cues

A

used for sound localization when two ears are present

59
Q

intramural level differences (ILD)

A

SPL at near ear > SPL at far ear

due to head shadow effect

exists for high frequencies (>1500 Hz)

60
Q

interaural time difference (ITD)

A

sound arrives sooner at the near ear than at the far ear

exists for all frequencies

61
Q

listeners rely on…

A

ITD at low frequencies (<1500 Hz)

ILDs at high frequencies (>1500 HZ)

62
Q

Head shadow effect

A

reduces sound levels (at the far ear) for frequencies .1500 Hz

63
Q

Ear Canal Resonance

A

increases sound levels for frequencies between 2000-5000 Hz, with a peak gain of 15 dB at 3000-4000 Hz

64
Q

Pinna effects

A

alters the amount of gain for frequencies >4000 Hz

65
Q

middle ear transformer

A

air and water have different impedances

if sound vibrations traveled directly from air to water, there would be a 30 dB loss in intensity

the middle ear compensates for this loss of energy by increasing sound pressure (+33 dB)

66
Q

3 mechanisms for impedance matching

A
  1. area ratio mechanism
  2. ossicular lever mechanism
  3. curved membrane mechanism

the gain created by these middle ear mechanisms helps to compensate for the 30 dB loss of energy due to the impedance mismatch between air and cochlear fluids

67
Q

area ratio of eardrum stapes

A

area of TM = 56.7 mm²
area of oval window = 3.2 mm²

P = F/A: Force applied to TM is delivered to the oval window, which has a smaller area

pressure increases proportionally

ratio = 17.7 to 1

the amount of pressure increase:
20 log (17.7/1) = 25 dB gain
68
Q

curved membrane buckling mechanism

A

the TM curves between its outer edge and its attachment to the manubrium

there is a greater displacement in the unattached regions of the TM than at the manubrium

69
Q

ossicular lever action

A

the manubrium of the malleus is 1.3 times longer than the long process of the incus

force x displacement must remain constant

smaller displacement at the incus is accompanied by the increase in force

Audiology (1 decks)

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