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Health Promotion > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is obesity classified as?

A

Excess Adipose Tissue

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2
Q

What is the BMI for an obese person?

A

Over >30.

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

It is rare to have long term weight loss with diet or exercise alone

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Progressions for exercise for the obese population should rely on what?

A

Duration and Frequency

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5
Q

Insulin resistance is common in what type of diabetes

A

Type II

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6
Q

Which type of diabetes affects 90-95% of the population?

A

Type II

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7
Q

What does HBAIC testing test for?

A

Average blood glucose over months

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8
Q

(Type 1) Exercise hypoglycemia is common when?

A

During and after exercise

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9
Q

What is the waist circumference cut off for men and women?

A

> 102 men

>88 women

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10
Q

What is central fat and peripheral fat?

A

Central (abdominal-greatest health risk) peripheral (first layer-skin fold assessments-pinch-able)

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11
Q

What is visceral and subcutaneous fat?

A

Visceral (central/abdominal-deeper) Subcutaneous (peripheral)

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12
Q

what parts of the body resists insulin?

M/F/L

A

Cells in muscle, fat and liver resist insulin signal

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13
Q

Where is insulin released and stored?

A

The pancreas

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14
Q

Type 1 diabetics have a lot of circulating insulin however it is ineffective because ____

A

Target cells become desensitized to the insulin

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15
Q

What is the function of leptin? Where is it produced?

A
  • suppressed appetite
  • stimulates energy expenditure

Produced in adipose cells

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16
Q

Do obese people have high levels of ghrelin or leptin?

A

Leptin

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17
Q

Where is intra-abdominal fat?

A

Packed in between organs

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18
Q

Why do women have more fat mass than males in their lower body?

A

Estrogen- evolutionary advantage

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19
Q

What does G.E.R.D stand for?

How does it occur?

A

Gastrol esophageal reflux disease

When a valve in the esophagus is not working.

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20
Q

What negative affects do obesity have on the digestive system?

A
  1. Acid Reflux
  2. Liver and gal bladder function
  3. Fatty Liver
  4. G.E.R.D
  5. Intestinal absorption
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21
Q

What are the obesity symptoms on the respiratory system?

A
  1. Lower tidal volume
  2. Increased dyspnea
  3. FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second)
  4. Sleep apnea
    —> all are more possible with central obesity
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22
Q

How is the musculoskeletal system affected by obesity?

A
  • joints degrade
  • arthritis - synovial fluid —> osteoarthritis
  • locomotor movement is limited
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23
Q

What are the risks that come with sleep apnea?

A
  • diabetes
  • hypertension
  • cardiovascular disease
  • oxyhemoglobin desaturation
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24
Q

Where is adiponectin produced?
What is it’s function?
High or Low levels in obese people?

A

Produced by adipocytes

Acts as

  • anti inflammatory
  • decrease level of heart attack

low in obese individuals

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25
Q

True or false

Estrogen is associated with weight gain

A

True

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26
Q

Where is ghrelin produced?

What are it’s functions?

Low or high in obese individuals?

A

Stomach cells

  • stimulates appetite
  • decreases energy expenditure

Low levels

27
Q

Does exercise increase or decrease blood sugar?

A

Decrease

28
Q

What is the most highly sensitive insulin responsive cell types?

A

Adipocytes

29
Q

What is the order of flow for the heart?

A

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava –> Right Atrium –> Tricuspid Valve–> Right Ventricle –> L.Pulmonary Vein & R.Pulmonary Artery –> L.Pulmonary Vein & R.Pulmonary Vein –> L.Atrium –> Bicuspid Valve –> L.Ventricle –> Aorta

30
Q

Veins have a ____ tunica media than arteries.

Veins have ___ to prevent backflow of blood

Veins have ___ lumens than arteries

A

thinner

valves

larger

31
Q

Arteries have ___ tunica media than veins

A

thicker

32
Q

Capillaries only have one cell layer (____) to allow gas exchange

A

tunica intima

33
Q

What is angina? How is it caused?

A

Angina is tightness of the chest due to a blockage towards the heart.

34
Q

What are the symptoms of CVD?

ACHHS

A

Atherosclerosis, Coronary Artery Disease, Heart Attack, Hypertension, Stroke

35
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Disease in which plaque builds up in arteries

36
Q

What are the benefits for exercise for someone with CVD?

A
  1. Increased maximal oxygen uptake
  2. Improved heart functioning and reduced angina
  3. Improved health of blood vessels
  4. Improved blood lipid profile
  5. Improved recovery from heart attack
37
Q

What effect does excercise have on the cardiorepiratory system?

A
  1. Improved cardiorespiratory functioning
  2. VO2max increases significantly with aerobic training
  3. Dyspnea reduces
  4. Obstructive Sleep Apnea reduces
38
Q

What is hypertension? What are the cut offs?

A

High Blood Pressure
systolic -140
diastolic -90

39
Q

What are langerhan cells? What are their purpose? What damage are they susceptible to?

A

Langerhans cells suffer from UV
Purpose is to destroy pathogens that penetrate skin
Sweat glands drop

40
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta cells?

A

Alpha cells•Produce glucagon and detect decreases in blood glucose level

Beta cells•Produce insulin and detect increase in blood glucose

41
Q

What is Diabetes?

What are the risks/what can be damaged?
N.E.N.C

A

Disease that causes consistently high levels of blood glucose.

Damage to

  • Nephropathy (Kidneys)
  • Eyes
  • Neuropathy - (Nervous System)
  • Cardiovascular System

Can cause death

42
Q

Why does blood glucose remain high in Type I and Type II Diabetes?

A

Type I: cannot produce insulin in order to regulate blood glucose.

Type II: pancreas is producing insulin, however cells are not receptive.

43
Q

What are the methods of diagnosing diabetes? (4 type 2 and gestational, 1 type 1)

A 
1. Fasting plasma glucose test (FPG)
•Fast for 8 hours
•Measure blood glucose
•≥ 7.0 mmol/L or higher indicates diabetes (more than one test)
•Easy to administer

2.Oral glucose tolerance test (OGT)
•Fast for 8 hours
•Measure blood glucose •Consume concentrated glucose drink
•Measure blood glucose
•≥ 11.1 mmol/L or higher indicates diabetes (more than one test)
•More reliable than FP

  1. Random Plasma glucose test
    Measure blood glucose
    A reading of ≥ 11.1 mmol/L or higher suggests diabetes
    Follow up with FPG or OGT suggest
  2. A1C Test
    based on the attachment of glucose to hemoglobin
    Red blood cells typically live for approximately 3 months.
    A1C test reflects an individuals average blood glucose levels over the past 3 months.
  3. Blood Test for autoimmune antibodies (Type 1)
    Presence of certain antibodies indicate type 1 diabetes
    Antibodies destroy cells responsible for manufacturing insulin
44
Q

what disease is nitroglycerin for? What are its effects?

A

angina.

dilates blood vessels

45
Q

Summary Quiz

2.List three populations that are at a greater risk of developing diabetes.

A
  1. overweight
  2. obese
  3. elderly
46
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

facilitates the movement of glucose into the cells when blood glucose levels are high.

binds to receptors on target cells to open glucose gates

when energy requirements are low, insulin promotes glycogenesis

47
Q

What is the difference between stroke and heart attack?

A

stroke- no o2 to brain

heart attack - no o2 to heart

48
Q

What is the bmi formula?

A

weight (kg) over height in m2

49
Q

Glucagon converts_____ into _____?

A

glycogen into glucose

50
Q

how does glucose enter the cells?

A

facilitated diffusion.

no ATP required.

51
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia?

H.U.D

A
  • Hunger
  • Frequent Urination
  • Dehydration
52
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?

S.F.D

A
  • Sweating
  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness
53
Q

When should you monitor blood glucose?

A

before, during and after exercise

54
Q

Blood glucose response to exercise will vary depending on

A

bg level before exercise

intensity of exercise

duration of exercise

changes in insulin dosage

55
Q

endocrine has to do with -

exocrine has to do with -

A

hormones

digestive enzymes

56
Q

What is the key difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

type 1 is no insulin being produced due immune

type 2 is insulin is being produced but target cells are desensitized.

57
Q

Should you or should you not inject insulin into exercising muscles?

A

should not

58
Q

What are the benefits of exercise for diabetes?

A
  1. improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance
  2. Reduced need for medication
  3. Reduced risk of associated conditions i.e. CVD
  4. Improved mood and well-being
  5. Improved weight management
59
Q

What is homocysteine? How is it produced?

Why is it bad?

A

Amino acid

byproduct created by digestion of protein

Aids in development of plaque
Damages tunica intima

60
Q

What is fibrinogen? Function?

A

protein synthesized by liver

aids in blood clotting
involved i8n response inflammation

61
Q

What is a C-Reactive Protein. What is it’s function?

what are chronic high levels an indicator of?

A

protein created by liver.

increases effectiveness of white blood cells.
released in response of inflammation and trauma

CVD

62
Q

What are risks for diabetics that exercise?

A
  • dehydration
  • CVD
  • hypoglycemia
  • valsalva
  • injury to extremities
63
Q

How is the endocrine system affected by age?

A
  • increase fibrous tissue decrease glandular tissue
  • thymus shrinks
  • reduced sensitivity to insulin and glucagon
64
Q

How is the nervous system affected by age?

A
  • total number of neurons drop
  • neurotransmitters decrease
  • brain shrinks
  • reflexes slow
  • senses worsen

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