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Exercise Physiology Test 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine System uses what for communication

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Hormones bind to specific protein receptors on the surface of cell membranes or inside the cell

A

Hormone-receptor complex

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3
Q

Cells can have ______ to ______ receptors for a specific hormone.

A

2,000-10,000

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4
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • Derived from cholesterol
  • Lipid soluble, easily diffuse through cell membrane
  • Hormone receptor complex located inside the cell
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5
Q

Steroid hormones activate genes in nucleus of cell

A

Direct gene activation

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6
Q

Hormone - receptor complex binds to DNA -> promotes or inhibits protein synthesis

A

Testosterone promotes protein synthesis

Cortisol inhibits protein synthesis

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7
Q

Non-Steroidal Hormones

A

Not lipid soluble

Hormone–receptor complex located on surface of cell membrane

Two groups
Protein/peptide hormones
Amino acid-derived hormones

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8
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted from pancreas

Regulates membrane transport of glucose into skeletal muscle

Insulin binds to receptor on cell surface, causes glucose receptors to translocate from inside the cell to the cell membrane

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9
Q

Glucose converted into glycogen

A

Glycogenisis

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10
Q

Plasma glucose depends on a balance between

A

Glucose release by liver

Glucose uptake by muscles

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11
Q

Hormones that increase plasma glucose

A

Glucagon- pancreas
Epinephrine and norepinephrine- adrenal gland
Cortisol- adrenal gland

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12
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Occurs in the liver and skeletal muscle

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13
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Converting non CHO sources into glucose

Lactate
Amino acids
Glycerol
Pyruvate

Occurs in the liver

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14
Q

Glucagon, norepinephrine, and epinephrine increase liver glycogenolysis

A

Activate the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase

This occurs during exercise and at rest when we become hypoglycemic

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15
Q

Fat is important for ______ athletes

A

Endurance

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16
Q

Sources of fatty acids used by muscle during exercise

A 
Adipose tissue TG
Intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG)
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17
Q

is an enzyme in adipocytes and skeletal muscles that causes lipolysis

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL),

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18
Q

Exercise increases activity of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS)

A

SANS stimulates release of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands

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19
Q

Sweating causes losses of body _____ and ______ (Na+), from the blood plasma

A

Water, electrolytes

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20
Q

Hormones from the following endocrine glands correct fluid and Na+ imbalances

A

Posterior pituitary gland
Adrenal cortex
Kidneys

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21
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

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22
Q

Sweating concentrates the blood plasma, termed hemoconcentration

A

↑ osmolality stimulates osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
↓ plasma volume sensed by baroreceptors in heart
Both stimulate release of ADH

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23
Q

ADH promotes water conservation by increasing water reabsorption by the kidneys

A

Less water is excreted in the urine

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24
Q

Aldosterone, hormone secreted by adrenal cortex

A

Maintains extracellular electrolyte balance

Resulting in ↑ Na+ and water retention by kidneys

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25
Stimuli for aldosterone release
Low plasma Na+ | Decreased plasma volume and blood pressure
26
Renin
an enzyme secreted by the kidneys
27
Increases aldosterone secretion
↓ blood volume from sweating reduces blood pressure, this is sensed by the kidneys Stimulates release of renin
28
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
Renin is released into the blood, converts angiotensinogen → angiotensin I In the lungs, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I → angiotensin II Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex and blood vessel constriction
29
Substrate (CHO and fat) metabolism efficiency
40% of substrate energy  ATP | 60% of substrate energy  heat
30
Calorimetry
is the measurement of heat transfer from one object to another Used to estimate energy expenditure
31
Direct Calorimetry PRO
Direct measure of heat | Good for resting metabolic measurements
32
Direct Calorimetry CON
Expensive, slow Exercise equipment adds extra heat Not all heat leaves the body
33
Indirect Calorimetry
Measures O2 consumed and CO2 produced, and estimates energy expenditure from their ratio Only accurate for steady-state oxidative metabolism (cardio)
34
VO2
volume of O2 consumed per minute Rate of O2 consumption Volume of inspired O2 − volume of expired O2
35
VCO2
volume of CO2 produced per minute Rate of CO2 production Volume of expired CO2 − volume of inspired CO2
36
Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
Ratio of the amount of CO2 produced to O2 consumed
37
Protein metabolism is ignored because:
It is not completely oxidized; amino acids contain nitrogen and humans cannot oxidize nitrogen Accounts for small percentage of energy expenditure Therefore, RER is more accurately referred to as the non-protein RER
38
Does the RER change over time?
YES
39
Fat utilization increases for two reasons:
Lipolysis and beta-oxidation take time; generally takes ~20 minutes before FA are available to muscles As glycogen levels decrease, fat oxidation increases
40
Training status affects RER
Trained endurance athletes can use more fat than untrained At the same submaximal exercise intensity; they will have a lower RER than untrained individual
41
Diet affects RER
Low-CHO diets = lower RER
42
Metabolic rate:
the rate at which the body uses energy
43
VO2 increases as exercise intensity increases
Relationship is mostly linear at submaximal intensities
44
The highest VO2 an individual can achieve is termed
VO2max Maximal aerobic capacity Maximal O2 uptake VO2peak
45
VO2max expressed in L·min-1
Absolute VO2max Suitable for non-weight bearing activities
46
VO2max expressed in ml·kg-1·min-1
Relative VO2max Normalized to body weight Allows comparison of individuals with different body weights
47
Steady-state:
the physiological responses during submaximal intensities will “level out” within 2-3 minutes
48
Slow component of VO2:
Due to recruitment of less efficient type II fibers? Higher VO2 needed to achieve same intensity
49
Lactate threshold (LT):
point at which blood lactate accumulation ↑ substantially
50
Expressed as percentage of VO2max
Untrained = ~60% of VO2max | Elite endurance athletes = ~85% of VO2max
51
Shift toward anaerobic glycolysis due to:
Increased fast-twitch motor unit recruitment Ischemia (low blood flow) or hypoxia (low O2)
52
The V-slope method
is based on CO2 production CO2 is a by-product of the aerobic metabolism of CHO and fats CO2 is produced in proportion to O2 consumption during aerobic efforts
53
As H+ enters the blood it reacts with
bicarbonate producing CO2
54
Now there are two sources of CO2 production
Aerobic Anaerobic
55
The ventilatory threshold (VT)
reflects the disproportionate ↑ in VCO2 relative to VO2
56
O2 demand > O2 consumed at onset of exercise
Body incurs O2 deficit Anaerobic pathways used for ATP production until cardiorespiratory system can supply muscles with adequate O2 In other words, until body reaches steady-state VO2
57
Excess postexercise O2 consumption (EPOC)
Oxygen debt
58
Why? O2 is needed for the following:
Replenish muscle PCr Clear lactate (oxidize it or convert it to glucose) Replenishes hemoglobin and myoglobin with O2 Respiratory muscles still removing CO2 from blood
59
Economy of effort
refers to the VO2 required to exercise at a specific intensity
60
Multifactorial
Biomechanics Genetics Experience
61
Characteristics of Successful Athletes in Aerobic Endurance Events
High VO2max High LT High economy of effort High percentage of type I muscle fibers

Exercise Physiology Test 2 (1 decks)

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