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Exercise Physiology Test 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

PASS

1
Q

Endocrine System uses what for communication

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Hormones bind to specific protein receptors on the surface of cell membranes or inside the cell

A

Hormone-receptor complex

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3
Q

Cells can have ______ to ______ receptors for a specific hormone.

A

2,000-10,000

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4
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • Derived from cholesterol
  • Lipid soluble, easily diffuse through cell membrane
  • Hormone receptor complex located inside the cell
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5
Q

Steroid hormones activate genes in nucleus of cell

A

Direct gene activation

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6
Q

Hormone - receptor complex binds to DNA -> promotes or inhibits protein synthesis

A

Testosterone promotes protein synthesis

Cortisol inhibits protein synthesis

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7
Q

Non-Steroidal Hormones

A

Not lipid soluble

Hormone–receptor complex located on surface of cell membrane

Two groups
Protein/peptide hormones
Amino acid-derived hormones

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8
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted from pancreas

Regulates membrane transport of glucose into skeletal muscle

Insulin binds to receptor on cell surface, causes glucose receptors to translocate from inside the cell to the cell membrane

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9
Q

Glucose converted into glycogen

A

Glycogenisis

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10
Q

Plasma glucose depends on a balance between

A

Glucose release by liver

Glucose uptake by muscles

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11
Q

Hormones that increase plasma glucose

A

Glucagon- pancreas
Epinephrine and norepinephrine- adrenal gland
Cortisol- adrenal gland

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12
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Occurs in the liver and skeletal muscle

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13
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Converting non CHO sources into glucose

Lactate
Amino acids
Glycerol
Pyruvate

Occurs in the liver

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14
Q

Glucagon, norepinephrine, and epinephrine increase liver glycogenolysis

A

Activate the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase

This occurs during exercise and at rest when we become hypoglycemic

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15
Q

Fat is important for ______ athletes

A

Endurance

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16
Q

Sources of fatty acids used by muscle during exercise

A 
Adipose tissue TG
Intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG)
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17
Q

is an enzyme in adipocytes and skeletal muscles that causes lipolysis

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL),

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18
Q

Exercise increases activity of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS)

A

SANS stimulates release of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands

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19
Q

Sweating causes losses of body _____ and ______ (Na+), from the blood plasma

A

Water, electrolytes

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20
Q

Hormones from the following endocrine glands correct fluid and Na+ imbalances

A

Posterior pituitary gland
Adrenal cortex
Kidneys

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21
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

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22
Q

Sweating concentrates the blood plasma, termed hemoconcentration

A

↑ osmolality stimulates osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
↓ plasma volume sensed by baroreceptors in heart
Both stimulate release of ADH

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23
Q

ADH promotes water conservation by increasing water reabsorption by the kidneys

A

Less water is excreted in the urine

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24
Q

Aldosterone, hormone secreted by adrenal cortex

A

Maintains extracellular electrolyte balance

Resulting in ↑ Na+ and water retention by kidneys

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25
Q

Stimuli for aldosterone release

A

Low plasma Na+

Decreased plasma volume and blood pressure

26
Q

Renin

A

an enzyme secreted by the kidneys

27
Q

Increases aldosterone secretion

A

↓ blood volume from sweating reduces blood pressure, this is sensed by the kidneys

Stimulates release of renin

28
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

Renin is released into the blood, converts angiotensinogen → angiotensin I

In the lungs, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I → angiotensin II

Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex and blood vessel constriction

29
Q

Substrate (CHO and fat) metabolism efficiency

A

40% of substrate energy  ATP

60% of substrate energy  heat

30
Q

Calorimetry

A

is the measurement of heat transfer from one object to another

Used to estimate energy expenditure

31
Q

Direct Calorimetry PRO

A

Direct measure of heat

Good for resting metabolic measurements

32
Q

Direct Calorimetry CON

A

Expensive, slow
Exercise equipment adds extra heat
Not all heat leaves the body

33
Q

Indirect Calorimetry

A

Measures O2 consumed and CO2 produced, and estimates energy expenditure from their ratio

Only accurate for steady-state oxidative metabolism (cardio)

34
Q

VO2

A

volume of O2 consumed per minute

Rate of O2 consumption
Volume of inspired O2 − volume of expired O2

35
Q

VCO2

A

volume of CO2 produced per minute

Rate of CO2 production
Volume of expired CO2 − volume of inspired CO2

36
Q

Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

A

Ratio of the amount of CO2 produced to O2 consumed

37
Q

Protein metabolism is ignored because:

A

It is not completely oxidized; amino acids contain nitrogen and humans cannot oxidize nitrogen

Accounts for small percentage of energy expenditure

Therefore, RER is more accurately referred to as the non-protein RER

38
Q

Does the RER change over time?

A

YES

39
Q

Fat utilization increases for two reasons:

A

Lipolysis and beta-oxidation take time; generally takes ~20 minutes before FA are available to muscles

As glycogen levels decrease, fat oxidation increases

40
Q

Training status affects RER

A

Trained endurance athletes can use more fat than untrained

At the same submaximal exercise intensity; they will have a lower RER than untrained individual

41
Q

Diet affects RER

A

Low-CHO diets = lower RER

42
Q

Metabolic rate:

A

the rate at which the body uses energy

43
Q

VO2 increases as exercise intensity increases

A

Relationship is mostly linear at submaximal intensities

44
Q

The highest VO2 an individual can achieve is termed

A

VO2max
Maximal aerobic capacity
Maximal O2 uptake
VO2peak

45
Q

VO2max expressed in L·min-1

A

Absolute VO2max

Suitable for non-weight bearing activities

46
Q

VO2max expressed in ml·kg-1·min-1

A

Relative VO2max

Normalized to body weight

Allows comparison of individuals with different body weights

47
Q

Steady-state:

A

the physiological responses during submaximal intensities will “level out” within 2-3 minutes

48
Q

Slow component of VO2:

A

Due to recruitment of less efficient type II fibers?

Higher VO2 needed to achieve same intensity

49
Q

Lactate threshold (LT):

A

point at which blood lactate accumulation ↑ substantially

50
Q

Expressed as percentage of VO2max

A

Untrained = ~60% of VO2max

Elite endurance athletes = ~85% of VO2max

51
Q

Shift toward anaerobic glycolysis due to:

A

Increased fast-twitch motor unit recruitment

Ischemia (low blood flow) or hypoxia (low O2)

52
Q

The V-slope method

A

is based on CO2 production

CO2 is a by-product of the aerobic metabolism of CHO and fats
CO2 is produced in proportion to O2 consumption during aerobic efforts

53
Q

As H+ enters the blood it reacts with

A

bicarbonate producing CO2

54
Q

Now there are two sources of CO2 production

A

Aerobic

Anaerobic

55
Q

The ventilatory threshold (VT)

A

reflects the disproportionate ↑ in VCO2 relative to VO2

56
Q

O2 demand > O2 consumed at onset of exercise

A

Body incurs O2 deficit

Anaerobic pathways used for ATP production until cardiorespiratory system can supply muscles with adequate O2

In other words, until body reaches steady-state VO2

57
Q

Excess postexercise O2 consumption (EPOC)

A

Oxygen debt

58
Q

Why? O2 is needed for the following:

A

Replenish muscle PCr

Clear lactate (oxidize it or convert it to glucose)

Replenishes hemoglobin and myoglobin with O2

Respiratory muscles still removing CO2 from blood

59
Q

Economy of effort

A

refers to the VO2 required to exercise at a specific intensity

60
Q

Multifactorial

A

Biomechanics

Genetics

Experience

61
Q

Characteristics of Successful Athletes in Aerobic Endurance Events

A

High VO2max

High LT

High economy of effort

High percentage of type I muscle fibers

Exercise Physiology Test 2 (1 decks)

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