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Applied Social Psychology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social constructionism?

A

What is considered knowledge is seen as constructed via language and social interaction processes that often reflect society’s norms

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2
Q

Difference in talk between men and women

A

Women talk more. Women talk to relate, men to get things done.

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3
Q

Mark Liberman’s challenge to The Female Brain

A

whatever the average female versus average male difference turns out to be, it will be small compared with the variation among women and among men

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4
Q

fashion over time: female and male

A

1900-1950s corsets everywhere
1960s-2000s Androgynous and boyish
1900s-1960s Began to lose muscles because they were not doing hard labour, adverts to not be the skinny guy
1970s onwards longer hair and more female styles

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5
Q

‘Intersex’ people

A

Intersex- genitalia that are ambiguous, range of sex/genetic variations

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6
Q

Issues for intersex people

A 
Harsh social effects of not fitting gender norm 
Health services issues 
Well-being 
Issues with gender reassignment surgery
Importance of support
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7
Q

What does “non-binary” gender mean

A

Having no gender (e.g., gender neutral)
Incorporating aspects of both man and woman or being somewhere between those ( mixed gender, androgynous)
Being to some extent, but not completely, one gender (e.g., demi-man/boy/woman/girl, femme man)

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8
Q

Responses to non-binary people

A

reclassify them so no longer anomalous
eradicate them
avoid contact if at all possible
categorize them as dangerous to normal people
incorporate them into myth and story as ways to access other levels of existence

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9
Q

Too fast for a woman’: The case of Caster Semenya

A

Performance questioned on basis of gender

supposedly gender tested by officials -> ridiculous

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10
Q

Judith Butler on gender

A

gender is not something we have (identity) but something that is performed (enacted) and performative (i.e through repetitions of acts that are constructed to mean feminine or masculine we come to think of ourselves as a particular gender)
a phenomenon being produced and reproduced all the time

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11
Q

Five main forms - code for sex

A 
Sustinance
Sport
Animals
War/violence
Transportation/mechanics
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12
Q

Construction of Sexuality through the male sex drive

A

Biological male sex drive: sex as almost overwhelming hormonal driven male need that must be satiated
Man is the desiring one and the woman is the object i.e. women activate the interest and need

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13
Q

Sexuality on a spectrum: the Kinsey Scale

A

First published by sexologist Alfred Kinsey in 1948 in an attempt to encompass a range of human sexual behaviours
Applied both in terms of sexual attraction and actual sexual activity

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14
Q

Problems with the Kinsey Scale

A

The base value “0” is heterosexual, presented as the norm (reinforces the pathologisation of non-heterosexual behaviours)
No axes for spectrum of asexuality
Nonbinary/intersex relationships to sexual orientation unclear

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15
Q

Judgments are shaped by biases & heuristics

A

Biases – systematic shift from objective data

Heuristics - shorthand rule of thumb

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16
Q

Decisions: Framing

A

• Framing: 2 alternative framings of a choice
logically the same,
but people favour one option
Solution: opt out system

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17
Q

Decisions: Nudges

Thaler & Sunstein 2008

A

Nudge: ‘any aspect of a choice that alters people’s behavior predictably’
Without changing economic incentives
e.g. School café - put healthy foods at eye level
Also rebrand veges with catchy names

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18
Q

Decisions:

Sunk cost fallacy

A

Businesses often invest more money in a losing enterprise
Company has spent $50 million on a project
Forecasts of future returns are poor
To give the project a chance, need $60 million more
An alternative new project costs the same and looks likely to have higher returns
Most companies stay with the initial project

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19
Q

Decisions:

losses & gains differ

A

Losses loom larger than gains: Changes in price
when prices drop - customers buy more. when prices rise - customers buy less
the effect of price rises [losses] is stronger
Endowment effect - When we sell stuff, we ask more than we’d pay for the same good

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20
Q

Heuristics: 1 Availability

Tversky and Kahneman

A

People’s judgments – reflect available data
Ann & Sue short-listed for manager job, Both internal, but Sue is newer to the company, Decide to appoint Ann, Sue gets job in competing company and does better than Ann

21
Q

Heuristics: 2: Representativeness

A

How similar is a person to a stereotype, Affects judgments of probability
E.g., Moneyball [Michael Lewis]
People have stereotype of a good employee, Base decisions on this, not performance

22
Q

Heuristics:

3 Anchoring

A

Prior knowledge about a value shapes judgments

23
Q

Unrealistic optimism (Weinstein)

A

People think things won’t go wrong [to them]
Upside - helps motivation & implementation
Downside - Take more risks

24
Q

A related bias

- hindsight

A

When an unpredicted outcome occurs, we adjust our view of the world to accommodate the surprise, e.g. election results
We even say [and think] we predicted it
What’s the problem with this? We don’t learn the lessons about where we were wrong and why

25
Q

How can we counter

overconfidence?

A

Gary Klein - have a premortem.

26
Q

Four strands affect voluntary action

A

Perception of the risk
Overcoming fatalism
From intentions to action
Motivation

27
Q

Biases in risk perception:

Dimensions of risk [Slovic]

A

Voluntary vs non voluntary, we tolerate voluntary risks more when we have control
Catastrophic potential / dread, kills lots as a time vs a steady trickle
Known vs Unknown

28
Q

Biases: 1. low frequency hazards [Slovic, ’82]

A

People casual about low frequency & long term, People prepare less, We see low frequency events as never happening, or at least, not in our lifetime

29
Q

Biases 2: Denial

A

With earthquake risk – quake won’t happen, With climate change, deny the science and risk, Reduces anxiety, so it’s tricky to change,

30
Q

Denial: How counter it? [Lehman & Taylor, 89]

A

Less denial where we control outcomes
Less denial where we reduce vulnerability
Counter false arguments

31
Q

Biases 3:

Unrealistic optimism:(Weinstein)

A

Optimism about own future relative to others
Motorcyclists - (Rutter ‘98)
Thought they were less at risk than others
We think someone else will get cancer
Entrepreneurs - overconfident go bankrupt more
Demonstrated with e’quakes in Wellington

32
Q

What is the effect of experiencing a disaster?

• Two opposite effects: Helweg Larsen ’99

A
  1. If effects are severe, optimism disappears – effect of nuclear meltdown in Japan - Germany
  2. If no effects, optimism stays or gets worse - e.g. Lots of minor quakes in Wgton
33
Q

What’s Fatalism?

A

The belief there’s
no point in preparing
We think: What can we do? Our efforts are puny
We confound a hazard and its effects

34
Q

How counter fatalism - 1.

A

1a. Focus on specific actions [Turner et al. 1986]

1b. Small actions can make a big difference

35
Q

Countering fatalism:

[2] Causal models

A

Disasters reflect many causes, Experts’ causal models reflect this, Citizens’ models omit key links

36
Q

Countering fatalism:

[3] Distinctive damage

A

News media - universal damage

Present distinctive damage [newsworthy]

37
Q

Countering fatalism:

[4] Focus on causal mechanisms

A

When we explain events, we look for ‘mechanisms’ & attribute effects to these
For earthquakes, causal mechanisms = building design

38
Q

Countering fatalism:[5a] Media portrayals:

A

Initial Kobe reports fatalistic: On the outskirts of Kobe new buildings as well as old were damaged
Anniversary reports: less fatalistic: Western-style houses fared very well. Western-style commercial buildings also generally fared better than traditional commercial buildings.

39
Q

What is ‘preparation’

Survival & mitigation

A

Many schemes focus on survival kit etc, Target actions that mitigate damage [Russell ‘99]

40
Q

Collapse (Diamond, 2004)

A

Why some societies collapsed while others thrived.

One key predictor - over-exploiting finite resources

41
Q

Two opposing trends around climate change

A 
1. Increasing emissions
Developing nations, More technologies
Increasing population
2. New technology & efficiency
A race between these.
42
Q

Countering fatalism

Which messages work best?

A

Anxiety messages often counterproductive, Lead to reduced action, denial
Effective messages, Target remedial actions, not just the risk, Target specific actions

43
Q

Motivation:

Costs & benefits - Actual & perceived

A

People assume sustainable option [always] costs more, May cost more in the short term, but not medium/long term

44
Q

Social dilemmas & fatalism

[Hardin ’68]

A

Individual interests conflict with the common good, If each country maximises own gain, all lose

45
Q

How overcome commons dilemma?

A

Communicate benefits of cooperation
Communicate benefits of moving first
Enhance payoffs for cooperation

46
Q

Risk perception and climate change Two processes (Slovic 2000)

A
  1. Gut/visceral reaction, emotion [Affect],
  2. Analytical processing, stats [cognitive]
    The two often disagree
    Gut reactions override analytical. If we feel cold….
    Information often has little effect
    How respond? Translate data into visceral [gut] images
47
Q

Intergroup processes: How to make enemies & influence people?

A

Importance of sharing common goals
A majority of the world’s people have a religion
Dawkins (2006), etc. Science & religion are enemies
Others trying to harness religion:

48
Q

Academic freedom, in relation to an institution, means

A

freedom of academic staff and students, within the law, to question and test received wisdom, to put forward new ideas and to state controversial or unpopular opinions

Applied Social Psychology (1 decks)

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