Test 2 Flashcards
Any well-defined set of units of analysis
Population
A subset of a population collected through a systematic procedure called a sampling method
Sample
IRB Concerns
Social standards Reel and perceived coercion Psychological and physical harm Legal and financial harm Harm to dignity Informed consent
Need for ethical guidelines and review
“Medical” research during ww2
Tuskegee Syphilis experiment (1932-1972)
Zimbardo Prison study(1971)
Attempts to protect human participants
Numbering code
Declaration of Helsinki(1964)
National Research Act(1974)
Belmont Report(1979)
Numbering code(1946)
1) informed consent
2) Voluntary participation
Declaration of Helsinki(1964)
Review by independent committee
Risk/benefit ratio
Research qualifications
Belmont Report (1979)
Respect for persons
Beneficence
Justice
Research ethics examples
Robbers cave experiment
Milgram’s Obedience Experiments
Stanford prison study
Review “Categories”
1) exempt
2) expedited
3) full
Review considerations
Consent, coercion, privacy, confidentiality, anonymity, harm, vulnerable participants, risky procedures, debriefing
Types of consent
Capacity, information, voluntariness, exculpatory language
Types of Coercion
Real
Perceived
Types of risky procedures
Direct threats to wellbeing
Threats to anonymity or confidentiality
Deception(by omission and commission)
Types of debriefing
Purpose, procedure, confederates, concerns
Does not meet definition of “reviewable research”
Meets definition of “exempt” in CFR 45 title 46
Exempt
No more than “minimal risk”
Expedited
Greater than “minimal risk”
Full
To let participants know about the study
(Debriefing) purpose
Varies based on the study, but typically in person or in writing when the participants
Ooo
Types of qualitative research
Phenomenology, ethnography, case study, grounded theory content analysis, meta-analysis
(Type of qualitative research)Purpose Understanding person or situation focus on 1 or few people.
Case study
(Type of qualitative research)Purpose understanding culture or group. Focus field site for culture or group.
Ethnography
(Type of qualitative research)Purpose understanding events from lived experiences.focus the phenomena as experienced.
Phenomenology
(Type of qualitative research) Purpose Deriving theory from field data.focus human actions and interactions
Grounded theory
(Type of qualitative research)Purpose identifying meaning from body of material.focus Any form of communication
Content analysis
(Type of qualitative research)Purpose
Meta-analysis
Data collection techniques
Interview, focus group, artifacts, field research, participatory action research
Each individual and combination of individuals in a population has an equal chance
of selection
Simple random sample(probability sampling)
Selecting individuals from a list of the population at a predetermined interval, i.e., every 50th element on the list (not all researchers agree that this is a probability sample)
Systematic sample(probability sampling)
Drawn from a population that has been subdivided into two or more strata (groups)based on a single characteristic.Elements are randomly selected from each strata in proportion to each strata’s representation in the entire population.A disproportionate stratified sample are useful when researchers want to over- represent a group that due to its small size in the population would not likely make up a large enough percentage of the sample to make quality inferences
Stratified sample (probability sampling)
Use groups of elements as an initial sampling frame (e.g., the fifty states).Samples are then drawn from increasingly narrow groups (counties, then cities, then blocks) until the final sample of elements is drawn from the smallest group (individuals living in each household).
Cluster samples (probability sampling)
Sampling individuals who score close to the mode on some variable
Typical (modal instance) case sample (non-probability, purposive sampling)
Sampling to obtain the purest or most clear cut instance of a phenomenon of interest (e.g., if the interest is in coach styles, it might be most interesting to study teams with a high proportion of wins and teams with a high proportion of losses)
Extreme/deviant case sample(non-probability)
Sampling individuals who cover the spectrum of positions and perspectives about the phenomenon under study; this includes typical cases and extreme cases as well as other positions that can be identified
Maximum variation sample(non-probability)
Sampling people with known or demonstrable experience and expertise in some area
Expert sample(non-probability)
Sampling people with known or demonstrable experience and expertise in some area
Expert sample(non-probability)
Sampling (usually using a non-random technique) until you achieve a specific number of sampled units for identified subgroups of a population
Quota sample(non-probability)
Sampling for diversity or variety
Heterogeneity sample (non-probability)
Sampling based upon referral from prior participants
Snowball sampling (non-probability)
