Test 2 Flashcards
Acute tolerance
A type of functional tolerance that occurs within a course of action of a single drug dose
Adenosine
An inhibitory neurotransmitter that has a sedative effect. Methylxantines are antagonists at adenosine receptors, blocking its effects.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
A disorder with features such as a greater than normal amount of activity, restlessness difficulty concentrating or sustaining attention and impulsivity.
Behavioral pharmacology
The specialty area of psychopharmacology that concentrates on drug use as a learned behavior
Behavioral tolerance
Adjustment of behavior through experience in using a drug to compensate for its intoxicating effects
Caffienism
Caffeine intoxication
Conflict paradigm
A research procedure that concerns the effects on a behavior of a drug that has a history of both reinforcement and punishment
Control group
The reference or comparison group in an experiment. The control group does not receive the experimental manipulation or intervention whose effect is being tested.
Crack
A freebase cocaine produced by mixing cocaine salt with baking soda and water. The solution is then heated, resulting in brittle sheets of cocaine that are cracked into small smokable chunks or rocks
Cross tolerance
Tolerance to a drug or drugs never taken that results from protracted tolerance to another drug or drugs
Dispositional tolerance
An increase in the rate of metabolizing a drug as a result of its regular use
Drug discrimination study
A research procedure that primarily concerns the differentiation of drug effects
Drug expectancy
A persons anticipation of or belief about what he or she will experience upon taking a drug
Functional tolerance
Decreased behavioral effects of a drug as a result of its regular use
Homeostasis
A state of equilibrium or balance. Systems at homeostasis are stable, when homeostasis is disrupted the system operates to restore it
Methylxanthines
Mold natural stimulants including caffeine theophylline and theobromine
Paradoxical
Contrary to what is expected. A paradoxical drug effect is opposite in direction to what is expected based on the drugs chemical structure
Placebo control
A type of control originating in drug research. Placebo subjects have the same makeup and are treated exactly like a group of subjects who receive a drug, except that placebo subjects receive a chemically inactive substance
Protracted tolerance
A type of functional tolerance that occurs over the course of two or more drug administrations
Punisher
A consequence of behavior that suppressed or decreases its future likelihood
Reinforcer
A consequence of behavior that increases its future likelihood
Reverse tolerance
Increased sensitivity to a drug with repeated use of it
Self administration study
A study that involves testing whether research participants will “give themselves” a drug
State dependent learning
When learning under the influence of a drug is best recalled when one is in the same “state”
Theophylline
A mild CNS stimulant less active than caffeine often contained in asthma medication
Characteristics of users that influence drug experience: biological characteristics
Genetics(why someone takes a larger dose than others), gender(liver differences in men and women), weight(less drug effect in heavier people), age(children are more sensitive to drugs)
Characteristics of users that influence drug experience: psychological charectoristics
Sensation seeking(thrill seeking personality), increases sensation seeking is correlated with increases drug use
Tolerance: types of tolerance
Behavioral: drug may have the same biochemical effect but reduced behavioral effect as a drug user learns to compensate for nervous system impairment
Functional: decreases sensitivity of neurons after repeated use of a drug
Dispositional: increases metabolism, liver enzymes up-regulate
Tolerance: explanations of tolerance
Acute: within a single administration
Protracted: occurs over 2 or more repeated episodes
Cross tolerance: tolerance to one drug leads to tolerance of other drugs in the same class
Behavioral pharmacology: reinforcement and punishment
Conflict paradigm: this is used to test the effects of anxiety. You train a rat to a lever with food or shock. The rat does not know if it will get food or get shocked causing a uncertainty and mimicking anxiety
