Test 2

Question 1

Acute tolerance

Answer 1

A type of functional tolerance that occurs within a course of action of a single drug dose

Question 2

Adenosine

Answer 2

An inhibitory neurotransmitter that has a sedative effect. Methylxantines are antagonists at adenosine receptors, blocking its effects.

Question 3

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Answer 3

A disorder with features such as a greater than normal amount of activity, restlessness difficulty concentrating or sustaining attention and impulsivity.

Question 4

Behavioral pharmacology

Answer 4

The specialty area of psychopharmacology that concentrates on drug use as a learned behavior

Question 5

Behavioral tolerance

Answer 5

Adjustment of behavior through experience in using a drug to compensate for its intoxicating effects

Question 6

Caffienism

Answer 6

Caffeine intoxication

Question 7

Conflict paradigm

Answer 7

A research procedure that concerns the effects on a behavior of a drug that has a history of both reinforcement and punishment

Question 8

Control group

Answer 8

The reference or comparison group in an experiment. The control group does not receive the experimental manipulation or intervention whose effect is being tested.

Question 9

Crack

Answer 9

A freebase cocaine produced by mixing cocaine salt with baking soda and water. The solution is then heated, resulting in brittle sheets of cocaine that are cracked into small smokable chunks or rocks

Question 10

Cross tolerance

Answer 10

Tolerance to a drug or drugs never taken that results from protracted tolerance to another drug or drugs

Question 11

Dispositional tolerance

Answer 11

An increase in the rate of metabolizing a drug as a result of its regular use

Question 12

Drug discrimination study

Answer 12

A research procedure that primarily concerns the differentiation of drug effects

Question 13

Drug expectancy

Answer 13

A persons anticipation of or belief about what he or she will experience upon taking a drug

Question 14

Functional tolerance

Answer 14

Decreased behavioral effects of a drug as a result of its regular use

Question 15

Homeostasis

Answer 15

A state of equilibrium or balance. Systems at homeostasis are stable, when homeostasis is disrupted the system operates to restore it

Question 16

Methylxanthines

Answer 16

Mold natural stimulants including caffeine theophylline and theobromine

Question 17

Paradoxical

Answer 17

Contrary to what is expected. A paradoxical drug effect is opposite in direction to what is expected based on the drugs chemical structure

Question 18

Placebo control

Answer 18

A type of control originating in drug research. Placebo subjects have the same makeup and are treated exactly like a group of subjects who receive a drug, except that placebo subjects receive a chemically inactive substance

Question 19

Protracted tolerance

Answer 19

A type of functional tolerance that occurs over the course of two or more drug administrations

Question 20

Punisher

Answer 20

A consequence of behavior that suppressed or decreases its future likelihood

Question 21

Reinforcer

Answer 21

A consequence of behavior that increases its future likelihood

Question 22

Reverse tolerance

Answer 22

Increased sensitivity to a drug with repeated use of it

Question 23

Self administration study

Answer 23

A study that involves testing whether research participants will “give themselves” a drug

Question 24

State dependent learning

Answer 24

When learning under the influence of a drug is best recalled when one is in the same “state”

Question 25

Theophylline

Answer 25

A mild CNS stimulant less active than caffeine often contained in asthma medication

Question 26

Characteristics of users that influence drug experience: biological characteristics

Answer 26

Genetics(why someone takes a larger dose than others), gender(liver differences in men and women), weight(less drug effect in heavier people), age(children are more sensitive to drugs)

Question 27

Characteristics of users that influence drug experience: psychological charectoristics

Answer 27

Sensation seeking(thrill seeking personality), increases sensation seeking is correlated with increases drug use

Question 28

Tolerance: types of tolerance

Answer 28

Behavioral: drug may have the same biochemical effect but reduced behavioral effect as a drug user learns to compensate for nervous system impairment
Functional: decreases sensitivity of neurons after repeated use of a drug
Dispositional: increases metabolism, liver enzymes up-regulate

Question 29

Tolerance: explanations of tolerance

Answer 29

Acute: within a single administration
Protracted: occurs over 2 or more repeated episodes
Cross tolerance: tolerance to one drug leads to tolerance of other drugs in the same class

Question 30

Behavioral pharmacology: reinforcement and punishment

Answer 30

Conflict paradigm: this is used to test the effects of anxiety. You train a rat to a lever with food or shock. The rat does not know if it will get food or get shocked causing a uncertainty and mimicking anxiety