Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

patho 2 > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Stomatitis

A

inflammation around the edges of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Angular stomatitis

A

Inflammation in the corners of the mouth (edentulous-people with no teeth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Aphthous stomatitis

A

canker sore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

tongue tied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Leukoplakia

A

white plaque (pre-cancerous lesions) that don’t scrape away.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Koplik’s spots:

A

pearly white lesions that appear before the onset of measles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Candidiasis

A

thrush, common in people who are immunocompromised or on antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Palatoschisis

A

cleft pallet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dental caries:

A

cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gingivitis

A

inflammation of the gums. The gums with recede. (higher risk for cardiac problems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Malocclusion

A

Malocclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Periodontal disease:

A

severe retraction of the gums. (higher risk for cardiac problems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Achalasia:

A

Lower end of esophagus doesn’t open up. Can lead to aspiration. May result from nerve damage or genetics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD):

A

lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t close. Can lead to Barrett’s esophagus  esophageal cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Esophageal sphincter:

A

symptoms narrowing of the esophagus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acute gastritis

A

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Caused by irritants. May be asymptomatic. May complain of dyspepsia. Usually just treat the symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hiatal Hernia:

A

Congenital defect. Occurs as a result of a weakness at the diaphragm causing a portion of the stomach to form a pouch above the level of the diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD

A

Ulcers that can be in the stomach, esophagus or duodenum. Duodenum ulcers are caused by hypersecretion of gastric acid from activation of the vagus nerve. Therefore, ulcers can be caused by stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sliding hiatal hernia:

A

slides up and down depending on whether or not the stomach is full. Can be surgically repaired.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Paraesophageal (strangulated) hernia:

A

does not slide, stays in the mediastinum and can be strangulated or become ischemic due to strangulation by the diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pyloric Stenosis:

A

Narrowing (stenosis) of the outlet of the stomach so that food cannot pass easily from it into the duodenum. Pyloric stenosis results in feeding problems and projectile vomiting in infants. Can be corrected with surgery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dumping syndrome:

A

• Happens in people who have had gastric bypass surgery. Normally, the stomach empties in a slow and controlled manner.
• In post bypass surgery part of the stomach is removed and gastric contents get quickly dumped into duodenum.
• 2 things happen.
1. duodenal contents are hyperosmolar which draws water into the colon resulting in diarrhea.
2. blood sugar drops (hypoglycemia). BS goes up initially because of all the sugar being absorbed into the blood stream. Pancreas sees BS increase and releases insulin, dropping BS. Initially get cramping and bloating. Cold, clammy, sweaty, tachycardia, a couple of hours after eating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gastroenteritis symptoms

A
  • Acute inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine.
  • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, low grade fever
  • Dehydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Causes of Acute Gastroenteritis

A

Viral: Norovirus: Rotavirus
o Bacterial: Salmonella enteritidis; Staphylococcus aureus, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (0157:H7), Clostridium botulinum Clostridium difficile,
o Protozoan: Giardia intestinalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Evaluation Gastroenteritis

A

stool for C&S; viral studies, O & P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Norovirus

A
  • Member of a group of Caliciviridae (Cal·i·ci·vi·ri·dae)
  • Transmission: person to person by direct contact or contact with fecally contaminated objects. May infect others up to 2 days after diarrhea has stopped. Common on cruise ships.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Rotavirus

A
  • Member of a group of reoviridae

* Transmission: fecal-oral route. Common in day cares.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Salmonellosis Transmission

A

• ingestion of food/water ; also via hands; humans may be asymptomatic carriers
poultry. Lives in the intestines of poultry.
feces of an infected animal.
reptiles and vegetables.
•

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Salmonella will be destroyed

A

at high temperatures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Once the salmonella gets into a person

A

it releases a toxin, that causes inflammation in the GI tract, resulting in diarrhea and vomiting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Typhoid Fever

A
  • Caused by Salmonella typhi
  • Get’s into the GI tract from contaminated water or shellfish. Thrives in areas with a low pH (i.e. stomach).
  • Peyer patches: Live in the colon and are linked to the lymphatics. Salmonella Typhi links to these and spreads to the lymphatics. They can also become inflamed and obstruct the bowel causing abdominal distension.
  • If untreated by week 4, perforated bowel will kill the person
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

A
  • Pathogen: enterotoxin-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus
  • Reservoir: humans – skin, abscesses, nasal secretions
  • Transmission: ingestion of S. aureus-contaminated food
  • Can form toxins that inflame the GI tract.
  • Comes from food, hand made sandwiches, creamy desserts, especially things made with mayonnaise.
  • Food borne illnesses can also come from surfaces, such as cutting boards.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

A
  • Pathogen: Escherichia coli 0157:H7
  • Transmission: water and food contaminated by cattle manure; low infectious dose
  • Caused by the run-off from farm lands (from animal poop). Common in hamburger, can also contaminate vegetables.
  • E-coli naturally lives in the GI tract and prevents you from getting other GI infections.
  • Bacteria gets into GI tract, releases toxins causing inflammation, causes disease. The toxins also affect the glomerulus of the kidneys. Arterioles running through the glomerulus become inflamed and get clogged up by platelets causing them to become occluded. RBC travelling through them, become damaged (hemolysis: damage to RBC). The individual becomes anemic and ends up with kidney failure. Clotting cascade gets set off, and the person begins to hemorrhage.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Listeriosis

A
  • Pathogen: Listeria monocytogenes
  • Lives everywhere. Ingest food after it’s been processed. Common in deli meats, don’t eat raw hotdogs. Can cause miscarriage in pregnant women. Can develop meningitis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Botulism

A
  • Pathogen: Clostridium botulinum
  • Can be in canned food (forms in places where there’s no oxygen). Does not grow as well in sweet or acidic foods. Can thrive in things like carrots. Can also come from potatoes.
  • Gets into the stomach and attacks the nervous system. Can cause blurred vision, paralysis, and die from respiratory failure.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

C difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD)

A
  • Pathogen: clostridium difficile
  • Bad bacteria that takes over the good ones in the intestines. Like dandelion’s taking over a garden.
  • Can lead to pseudomembranous colitis. Bowel becomes so inflamed it develops necrosis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Giardiasis

A 
•	Parasite Giardia intestinalis
o	Giardia lamblia
o	Giardia duodenalis
•	Spread by 
o	Animal to person
o	Person to person
•	AKA: Beaver fever
•	Cold temperatures put the parasite into a protective cyst.  Once the cyst gets into the GI, the cysts break open and the trophozoites attach themselves to the colon and they multiply.  The person sheds them through the feces, into the cold water, and they form cysts.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Staphylococcus comes primarily from

A

handmade sandwiches (mayonnaise) and cream filled desserts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

• Botulism comes from

A

home canning. Normally lives in soil and is anaerobic. Therefore, canned foods are excellent for them. The symptoms attack the nervous system, symptoms are neurologic, unlike the others that have GI symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

C-Dif: nosocomial bacteria often contracted from

A

hospitals. Can lead to pseudomembranous colitis. Bowel becomes inflamed and develops areas of necrosis. Membrane forms over it that is old necrotic tissue. Inflamed piece of bowel that becomes necrotic (pseudo membrane).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Giardiasis: get it from

A

water. Commonly known as beaver fever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Appendicitis • Clinical manifestations

A

: umbilical pain initially; pain over McBurney’s point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Appendicitis Complication:

A

perforation, peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Obstruction of appendiceal lumen results in

A

inflammation of appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Peritonitis

A

• The peritoneum keeps all our internal organs from floating around. It can become inflamed. It has a large surface area so absorbs toxins easily.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Peritonitis If it becomes infected

A

the person becomes septic and dies. If inflamed, causes less peristalsis in the bowel and can cause an obstruction.
• Causes nausea, vomiting, and a bunch of other very bad shit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Intussusception

A

: One part of the bowel folds over another. Common in babies and they get a sudden onset of colicky pain and pass a stool that looks like red Jell-O. The red is from blood in the colon. It’s a surgical emergency. The bowel can become strangulated and ischemic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

Loop of bowel slides down through the inguinal ring (weak spot in the abdominal wall from where the balls dropped down).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Volvulus

A

: A twist or kink in the bowel. Occurs when there is a weak spot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Adhesions

A

Formed from scar tissue. Internal organs and pieces of bowel stick together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Acute Mesenteric Arterial Insufficiency

A

• The mesenteric artery is the major feeder to the bowel. Inferior and superior branch. Sometimes a blood clot travels to the artery causing it to occlude and become necrotic. People with atrial fibrillation and prosthetic heart valves are at increased risk. Intense, extreme pain felt after eating due to the ischemic bowel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

• Ischemia damages the colon, by

A

by damaging the mucosa rendering it incapable of protecting itself. May have fever, blood diarrhea, and other complications. If not treated immediately can lead to rupture and peritonitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Diverticulosis

A

• Fecal matter may be pushed into the pouches that form in the colon and may cause them to bulge out from the colon wall. Such a condition is called diverticulosis

54
Q

• Diverticulosis occurs in

A

5 to 10 percent of persons over 40 years of age; its cause is unknown, but weakness of the intestinal wall and increased pressure within the channel of the intestine are probably significant factors.

55
Q

• Diverticulosis has no symptoms, but

A

but the feces-filled sacs may become infected or inflamed, progressing to a more serious condition called diverticulitis. Its symptoms are pain and tenderness in the lower left side of the abdomen, chills, and sometimes fever.

56
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A
  • Catch all for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
  • Ulcerative colitis affects only the inner lining of the colon, also called the large intestine. But in Crohn’s disease, inflammation can appear anywhere in the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus. And it generally affects all the layers of the bowel walls, not just the inner lining.
57
Q

Celiac disease

A

gluten sensitivity. Microvilli normally project into colon to increase surface area for absorption. In CD shorter microvilli therefore, less absorption.

58
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Causes include alcoholism, blockage with gallstones, causing enzymes to backup and auto digest the pancreas resulting in abscess and pseudocysts. Painful and takes awhile to treat. Blood tests are amylase and lipase.

59
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

: autosomal recessive disorder characterized by excessively thick tenacious mucous production. This clogs pancreatic duct, stopping enzymes from entering duodenum, so patients require enzyme supplements every time they eat. Also affects lungs by clogging all the ducts leading to resp. failure.

60
Q

Cholecystitis, cholelithiasis

A
  • lithiasis means stones. People can have stones without inflamed gallbladder. Sometimes they get stuck causing inflammation.
  • Lithotripsy is the treatment.
  • Risks include high fat diets. Cholesterol plays a big role.
  • Pain in RUQ. S/S pain, jaundice, fatty stool (steatorrhea), nausea, vomiting
61
Q

Hepatitis A

A

: fecal/oral, person does not become a carrier

62
Q

Hep. B:

A

parenteral, sexual, mother –infant transmission, person becomes a carrier

63
Q

Hep. C

A

parenteral (most cases of post transfusion hepatitis), person becomes a carrier

64
Q

Hep. D

A

parenteral, sexual, person becomes a carrier

65
Q

Hep. E

A

fecal-oral, person does not become a carrier A & E aren’t carriers

66
Q

7 Functions of the liver

A
  1. Detoxifies drugs and other foreign substances (drug toxicity)
  2. Process and store vitamins (vitamin k)
  3. Regulation of -protein metabolism (hypoalbuminemia – edema)
    • Store glucose  glycogen (hypo/hyperglycemia)
    • fat digestion  secreting bile (steatorrhea – fat in the poop)
  4. Synthesis of clotting factors (bleeding)
  5. Removes bilirubin from bloodstream (jaundice)
  6. Metabolizes hormones (androgens – sex hormones  sexual dysfunction)
  7. Synthesize urea (takes ammonia, converts it to urea, and excretes it via the kidneys  excessive ammonia levels)
67
Q

Portal Hypertension

A
  • liver receives blood from hepatic artery which provides oxygen and portal vein which provides nutrients.
  • When liver is scarred, blood backs up into liver leading to portal hypertension.
  • Back up can result in splenomegaly, or esophageal verrucae’s (verrucous veins in the esophagus) dangerous because veins can rupture leading to GI bleeding and shock
68
Q

Cirrhosis.

A

• Scarring of the liver. Cells can regenerate, but only to certain degree. Surface becomes bumpy and nodular causing malfunction. Resulting in S/S of liver disease.

69
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy

A
  • build up of ammonia.
  • Is toxic to neurotransmission (brain tissue) end up with neurological issues such as ataxia, asterix (uncontrolled hand flapping). As it worsens, can have decline in cognition.
70
Q

Nevus:

A

congenital discoloration of a circumscribed area of the skin, commonly called mole or birthmark.

71
Q

Hemangioma

A

: A soft vascular nevus, centrally present on the face or neck, occurring at birth or shortly afterward.

72
Q

Mongolian Spot

A

a smooth, brown to grayish blue nevus consisting of an excess of melanocytes, typically found at birth in the sacral region in East Asians, Blacks, American Indians, and many southern Europeans; it usually disappears during childhood.

73
Q

Petechiae

A

Minute hemorrhagic spots, of pinpoint to pinhead size, in the skin, which are not blanched by pressure.

74
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Discoloration of the skin (bruise) caused by escape of blood into the tissues.

75
Q

Impetigo

A

: Bacterial infection on the surface of the skin (epidermis and upper layers of the dermis) outbreaks in crowded living areas.

76
Q

Cellulitis

A

Bacterial infection in the deeper layers (dermis). Often happens in cases of poor circulation.

77
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis

A

starts as a skin infection and spreads to the muscle

78
Q

Paronychia

A

: infection of the cuticle. Often caused when people bite their nails

79
Q

Abscess

A

: Bacterial infection. Liquefactive necrosis – all dead WBCs (puss)

80
Q

Verrucae

A

warts.

81
Q

Herpes simplex

A

: cold sore

82
Q

Varicella zoster

A

chicken pox – spread by droplet

83
Q

Herpes zoster

A

shingles. Happens in people who have already had chicken pox. The chicken pox go dormant, quietly live in a nerve route, when the persons immune system is weakened, the chicken pox virus reactivates and shingles result. Does not spread by droplet, but by touching the fluid filled blisters.

84
Q

Candidiasis

A

yeast infection.

85
Q

Onycholysis

A

: toe nail infection

86
Q

Tinea corporis

A

ring worm. Not actually a worm, but a fungal infection. Anybody can get it, it is highly contagious through contact.

87
Q

Tinea caputus

A

ringworm of the scalp.

88
Q

Tinea pedis

A

Athlete’s foot. Can get it from public pools, hotel rooms

89
Q

Tinea cruris

A

Jock itch

90
Q

Scabies

A

the mite burrows under the skin (under epidermis) and lays eggs. Is very contagious, eggs mature. Bumpy rash. Does not cure on its own, must be cured with a special shampoo and body wash.

91
Q

Lice

A

surface dwellers. Thrive by living off of a host. Life starts as a nit (egg) attaches itself to the shaft of the hair (close to the scalp), a week later, the egg hatches and a nymph is born. A week later, the nymph becomes an adult. Adult lice can live off something non-living for about three days.

92
Q

Stab wound

A

deeper than it is wide

93
Q

Puncture wound

A

deeper than it is long. Made by a pointed object. Sides are smooth

94
Q

Blow

A

when somebody is struck by something that is moving (i.e. someone’s fist)

95
Q

Impact:

A

person is moving and hit a stationary object. (i.e. hit a pole while riding bike)

96
Q

Contusion

A

swollen bruise. Normally associated with an injury.

97
Q

Avulsion:

A

something is torn from it’s point of attachment.

98
Q

Irritant contact dermatitis

A

skin reactions ranging from erythema and scaling to necrotic burns resulting from nonimmunologic damage by chemicals in contact with the skin immediately or repeatedly

99
Q

Allergic contact dermatitis

A

: involves the immune system. Involves the T lymphocytes. They think the body is under attack and mounts a counter attack, showing up as a rash.

100
Q

Rhus contact dermatitis

A

: Urushiol is the oil in poison ivy that irritates the skin. Don’t burn poison ivy and inhale the smoke because the urushiol will cause respiratory distress.

101
Q

Psoriasis:

A

Typically, our skin regenerates in about a month, in psoriasis, it regenerates much faster. Causing the epidermis to become thick and patchy. Not contagious.

102
Q

Myopia

A

: the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too steep, so the light focuses in front of the retina. The person is near sighted.

103
Q

Hyperopia

A

light from close objects sits behind the retina. Anything close looks blurry, the person is far sighted.

104
Q

Floaters:

A

happens because vitreous humour. It’s like Jell-O and over time little areas of liquid develop and look like little dark spots. Especially after looking at bright light, look away, you see dark spots.

105
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

pink eye. Streptococcus infection of the eye.

106
Q

Blepharitis

A

: inflammation of the eye lash follicles. Oil glands at the base of the follicle becomes inflamed. Eyelids look greasy because of inflamed oil glands.

107
Q

Sty:

A

: appears at the base of the eyelash. Localized inflammation of the oil gland that has become clogged. Starts off itchy and red and becomes painful. Warm compresses help it come to a head and it pops on its own.

108
Q

Chalazion

A

Under the eye lid in the Meibomian glands that help lubricate our tears. They become clogged and form a cyst. This needs to be surgically removed.

109
Q

Otitis media

A

: inflammation in the middle ear. Happens commonly in children and infants. The auditory tube (Eustachian tube) connects the middle ear to the nose and throat. In children it is shorter and straighter. Sinus or throat infection can spread to the ear causing the middle ear to become painful and inflamed. If left untreated, the tympanic membrane can burst, causing scarring. Often kids with otitis media require tubes.

110
Q

Myringotomy

A

Tubes in the ears.

111
Q

Externia ototitis

A

swimmers ear from lake water which contains pseudomonas

112
Q

Depth of Burn

1st degree

A
  • Partial thickness
  • Destruction of epidermis only
  • Erythema, pain, blistering may occur after first 24 hours
  • Heals within 3 – 5 days; no scarring
  • Skin function – intact
113
Q

2nd degree

A

Superficial partial thickness
• Destruction of epidermis and some of the dermis
• Fluid filled blisters appear within minutes of injury
• Healing time 21 – 28 days
• Skin function absent
• Pain sensors intact

114
Q

2nd degree – Deep partial thickness

A
  • Destruction of entire dermis leaving skin appendages
  • Mottled with areas of waxy white, dry surface
  • Absent skin function
  • Diminished pain and tactile sensation
  • Diminished sensation
  • Healing time > 30 days
115
Q

3rd degree – Full thickness

A
  • Involves entire epidermis, dermis, may extend to SQ tissue
  • White, cherry red or black dry, leathery surface
  • Skin function, tactile and pain sensors absent
  • Secondary healing in small wounds, otherwise requires skin grafting
116
Q

4th degree

A

• Goes all the way to the bone

117
Q

• Zone of necrosis

A

the middle of the burn. Dead tissue that has been burnt away

118
Q

• Zone of stasis

A

vulnerable tissue surrounding necrosis. May or may not return to normal

119
Q

• Zone of hyperemia

A

: Increase in blood flow to the site. Redness around the burn. Trying to salvage the zone of stasis

120
Q

Response to injury

Body goes through 5 stages when burnt.

A
  1. Burn shock: body loses fluid because skin contains a lot of water. When skin is gone, water is gone. Water is even lost from skin that is not burned
  2. Cellular changes: Swelling. sodium and water shift inside the cell because the potassium pump stops working. Can result in airway occlusion from swelling
  3. Metabolic changes: Increased HR, increase BP, Cortisol and epinephrine and norepinephrine activated from adrenal glands resulting in a state of metabolism.
  4. Immune Response: opsonization is when the body prepares the bacteria to be destroyed. Bacterial translocation, bacteria from GI tract moves to the blood stream, to the abdominal cavity, putting the patient at risk for sepsis.
  5. Organ dysfunction: heart, kidney, respiratory tract all start to shut down. Myocardium becomes depresses, less able to maintain cardiac output. Respiratory system fails due to laryngeal edema. Kidney fails due to decreased blood flow.
121
Q

Injury due to cold

A
  • Frostbite is categorized by 1st, 2nd, 3rd. Person can have hypothermia without frostbite.
  • If body temp. drops below 35 degrees, they’re hypothermic.
122
Q

Cataracts

A
  • Happens because over time, the lenses become opaque

* Opacity of the lens

123
Q

risk of cateracts

A

o Age, smoking, ETOL, UV rays, DM, family history, drugs

124
Q

Open Angle glaucoma

A
  • Most common
  • Drain structure in the eye looks normal, but fluid does not flow the way it should causing pressure
  • Trabecular meshwork is blocked
  • Happens slowly
125
Q

Closed angle glaucoma

A
  • Fluid does not drain right because the angle is to narrow between the cornea and iris – Ciliary body
  • Since the iris is in the way, fluid buildup occurs
126
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

• the small central portion of the retina, known as the macula, deteriorates which causes central blindness

127
Q

Otosclerosis

A
  • Hereditary disease that affects the three ossicles of the middle ear.
  • The stapes is the bone against the oval window.
  • These bones, especially the stapes, go through excessive remodeling.
  • otospongiotic phase - Early in the disease, the stapes is the one particularly affected, it becomes spongy.
  • otosclerotic phase - The spongy bone than becomes replaced with thick sclerotic bone that does not vibrate as well
  • Stapedectomy: remove the stapes bone and replace it with a prosthesis.
128
Q

Presbycusis

A
  • Gradual loss of hearing. Occurs commonly in seniors. Can result from damage to nerves of the ear or can be conductive (problem with the conductivity in the ear). 50% of adults over age 75 have some form of this.
  • Can be sensorineural or conductive
129
Q

Meniere Disease

A

• Characterized by excessive endolymph

130
Q

Helicobacter pylori:

A

a bacterium that likes acidic places.

131
Q

Metaplasia

A

normal cells are replaced with abnormal cells. May be corrected or turn precancerous

patho 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions