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adolescence course > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the biology of being male, female, or intersex

A

sex

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2
Q

refers to behavioral, psychological, social and cultural characteristics of being male or female

A

gender

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3
Q

a culturally-defined set of attitudes, behaviors, and expectations that dictate how people with a certain gender are expected to act, think, + feel

A

gender roles

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4
Q

broad categories that reflect a culture’s impressions and beliefs about men and women; they are generalizations that are not always accurate or true

A

gender stereotypes

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5
Q

Researchers have found, however, that sexual behavior is related to hormonal changes during puberty, at least for boys

A

true

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6
Q

argued that an individual’s genitals influence his or her gender behavior

A

freud and erikson

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7
Q

Freud believed that gender and sexual behavior are essentially

A

unlearned and instinctual

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8
Q

argue that because of differing roles in reproduction, males and females faced different pressures in primeval environments when the human species was evolving

A

evolutionary psychology

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9
Q

Gender differences mainly result from the contrasting roles of females and males

A

social role theory

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10
Q

associated with social role theory

A

alice eagly

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11
Q

emphasizes that children’s and adolescents’ gender development is influenced by:
Their observation and imitation of others’ gender behavior
The rewards and punishments they experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior

A

social cognitive theory

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12
Q

Gender-typing emerges as children and adolescents gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture

A

gender schema theory

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13
Q

The presence of a high degree of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual

A

androgeny

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14
Q

Psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls _____________ because of increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional masculine and feminine gender roles

A

become greater during early adolescence

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15
Q

where was tech in the 2015 sexual health report card

A

132

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16
Q

Romantic and/or sexual attractions

Heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, pansexuality, asexuality

A

sexual orientation

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17
Q

In a recent U.S. national survey conducted in 2009, ____ of 12th-graders reported that they had experienced sexual intercourse compared with ___of 9th-graders

A

62%

32%

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18
Q

The timing of teenage sexual initiation varies widely by culture and gender, and in most instances is linked to the culture’s

A

values and customs

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19
Q

A stereotyped pattern of role prescriptions for how individuals should behave sexually

A

sexual scripts

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20
Q

The majority of adol sexual experiences involve the male making sexual advances, and it is up to the______to set the limits/boundaries on the date or in the relationship

A

female

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21
Q

are increasingly implicated in sexual risk taking in adolescence

A

cognitive factors

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22
Q

develops slower and later than limbic system (subcortical system that contributes to emotions and rewards)

A

Prefrontal cortex (responsible for self-control, reasoning, and decision-making)

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23
Q

Someone who identifies with being lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, pansexual, even asexual

A

sexual minority

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24
Q

Someone who does not identify with traditional binary descriptors of “male” and “female”; Could identify as transgender or queer, perhaps

A

gender minority

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25
Q

Researchers have also examined genetic influences on sexual orientation by studying _____

A

twins

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26
Q

An individual’s sexual orientation is most likely determined by a combination of

A

genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors

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27
Q

Establishing a gay male or lesbian identity is often referred to as the

A

coming out process

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28
Q

Having irrational negative feelings against individuals who have same-sex attractions

A

homophobia

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29
Q

Having irrational negative feelings against individuals who identify as transmen and/or transwomen

A

transphobia

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30
Q

Methods to reduce unwanted pregnancy and transmission of STIs

A

contraceptives

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31
Q

Each year more than 200,000 females in the U.S. have a child before their 18th birthday

A

true

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32
Q

In 2006, _____of teen pregnancies ended in legal abortion

A

27%

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33
Q

Adolescent mothers are more likely to come from

A

low-SES backgrounds and neighborhoods; minimal access to resources

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34
Q

Only _____ girls receives any prenatal care at all during the first 3 months of pregnancy

A

1/5

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35
Q

John Conger (1988) offered four recommendations for reducing the high rate of adolescent pregnancy:

A

Sex education and family planning
Access to contraceptive methods
The life options approach
Broad community involvement and support

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36
Q

are Infections that are contracted primarily through sexual contact (i.e., kissing on mouth, touching with hands, genital rubbing, oral sex, vaginal + anal penetration)

A

STIs

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37
Q

3 caused by viruses

A

AIDS, HPV, and HSV

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38
Q

3 caused by bacteria

A

gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia

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39
Q

virus STIs curable?

A

no

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40
Q

A sexually transmitted infection that is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body’s immune system

A

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

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41
Q

In the U.S., prevention is targeted at groups that show the highest incidence of AIDS:

A 
Drug users
Individuals with other STIs
Young gay males
Individuals living in low-income circumstances
Latinos and African Americans
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42
Q

It is estimated that approximately _____of adolescents have genital herpes

A

20%

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43
Q

Caused by a large family of viruses with many different strains, some of which produce other, nonsexually transmitted diseases such as cold sores (HSV-1)

A

Genital herpes HSV2

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44
Q

Caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is difficult to test for and does not always produce symptoms, but is very contagious

A

genital warts

45
Q

is the most commonly acquired STI in 15-24 age group

A

HPV

46
Q

An STI that is commonly called the “drip” or the “clap,” caused by a bacterium

A

gonorrhea

47
Q

One of the most common of all STIs

highly infectious

Women run a 70% risk of contracting it in a single sexual encounter with an infected partner

A

chlamydia

48
Q

It is transmitted by penile-vaginal, oral-genital, or anal contact
It can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus after the fourth month of pregnancy

A

syphillis

49
Q

Forcible sexual contact that includes penetration with a person who does not give consent

A

rape

50
Q

Coercive sexual activity directed at someone whom the perpetrator knows

A

date, or acquaintance rape

51
Q

forms—ranging from sexual and sexist gestures, behaviors, attitudes, and covert physical contact (patting, brushing against bodies) to blatant propositions and sexual assaults

A

sexual harassment

52
Q

Persons are subjected to unwelcome sexual conduct that is so severe, persistent, or pervasive that it limits ability to perform work or school duties

A

Hostile environment sexual harassment:

53
Q

Thoughts, behaviors, and feelings regarding standards of right and wrong

A

morality

54
Q

regulates a person’s activities when she or he is not engaged in social interaction

A

intrapersonal dimension

55
Q

– regulates people’s social interactions and arbitrates conflict

A

interpersonal dimension

56
Q

Punishment and obedience orientation

Moral thinking is often tied to punishment

A

stage 1

57
Q

: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same

A

stage 2

58
Q

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments
Children and adol often adopt their parents’ moral standards at this stage

A

stage 3

59
Q

Social systems morality

Moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty

A

stage 4

60
Q

Social contract or utility and individual rights
A person evaluates the validity of actual law and examines social systems in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values

A

stage 5

61
Q

Universal ethical principles

The highest stage at which the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights

A

stage 6

62
Q

Most adolescents reason at Stage ____

A

3

63
Q

Like Piaget, Kohlberg emphasized that _______ is a critical part of the social stimulation that challenges individuals to change their moral orientation

A

peer interaction

64
Q

Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized for placing too much emphasis on ________and not enough emphasis on ______

A

moral thought

moral behavior

65
Q

Social conventional reasoning focuses on

A

conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system

Conventional rules are arbitrary

66
Q

, moral reasoning focuses on

A

ethical issues and rules of morality

Moral rules are not arbitrary

67
Q

an unselfish interest in helping another person

A

altruism

68
Q

Adolescent females view themselves as more prosocial and empathic, and also engage in more prosocial behavior than male

A

true

69
Q

An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation

A

forgiveness

70
Q

A feeling of thankfulness and appreciation, especially in response to someone doing something kind or helpful

A

gratitude

71
Q

: Reacting to another’s feelings with an emotional response that is similar to that person’s feelings

A

empathy

72
Q

Thoughts, behavior, and feelings can all be involved in an individual’s

A

moral personality

73
Q

when moral notions and commitments are central to their life

A

moral identity

74
Q

Involves having the strength of your convictions, persisting, and overcoming distractions and obstacles

presupposes that the person has set moral goals and that achieving those goals involves the commitment to act in accord with those goals

A

moral character

75
Q

people emphasize are honesty, truthfulness, trustworthiness, care, compassion, thoughtfulness, dependability, loyalty, and conscientiousness

A

moral virtues

76
Q

are people who have lived exemplary lives

a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment

A

moral exemplars

77
Q

A parent withholds attention or love from the adolescent

A

love withdrawal

78
Q

A parent attempts to gain control over the adol or the adolescent’s resources

A

power assertion

79
Q

A parent uses reason and explanation of consequences for others of the adolescent’s actions

positive

A

induction

80
Q

is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school

created by school and classroom rules, the moral orientation of teachers and school administrators, and text materials

A

hidden curriculum

81
Q

Currently 40 states have mandates regarding____________ a direct education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy

A

character education,

82
Q

Involves helping individuals to clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for

encourages students to define their own values and understand the values of others

A

Values clarification

83
Q

A form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community
An important goal is that adolescents become less self-centered and more strongly motivated to help others

A

service learning

84
Q

Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be

family, friends, religion, politics, money, dating, love, and sex, helping others (humans + animals), environmentalism, self-respect, etc!

A

values

85
Q

One long-standing source for discovering purpose in life is through

A

religion

86
Q

A recent developmental study revealed religiousness__________from 14 to 20 years of age in the United States

A

declined

87
Q

An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increase a person’s connection to a sacred or transcendent other (e.g., a god or goddess, a connecting force, and/or ultimate self-truth and enlightenment)

A

religion

88
Q

Degree of affiliation with a religion, participation in its rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs, and involvement in a community of believers

A

religiousness

89
Q

Involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits society and others

A

spirituality

90
Q

The behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a specific group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

A

culture

91
Q

tendency to favor one’s own group over other groups

A

ethnocentrism

92
Q

Involve the comparison of a culture with one or more other cultures
Provides information about other cultures and the role of culture in development

A

cross cultural studies

93
Q

Priority to personal goals rather than to group goals

–Emphasizes values that serve the self, such as feeling good, personal distinction and achievement, and independence

A

individualism

94
Q

Priority to group goals
–Emphasizes values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, interdependence of the members, and harmonious relationships

A

collectivism

95
Q

Ceremonies or rituals that mark an individual’s transition from one status to another

A

rites of passage

96
Q

A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

A

socioeconomic status

97
Q

Typically defined by economic hardship and a poverty threshold (or “poverty line”) as laid out by the federal government

A

poverty

98
Q

adol living in poverty are more likely to:

A

Engage in risky behaviors
Run away from home
Have school-related risks (truancy, dropping out, inferior schools)
Have a lack of access to jobs, social mobility
Encounter delinquency

99
Q

is based on shared cultural heritage, race, religion, language, and nationality

A

ethnicity

100
Q

many ethnic minority adolescents experience a double disadvantage

A

many ethnic minority adolescents experience a double disadvantage

101
Q

An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of the individual’s membership in a group

A

prejudice

102
Q

A major trend in the use of technology is the dramatic increase in

A

media multitasking

103
Q

Also known as: low-income, working-class, blue-collar

Occupations: Factory worker, maintenance worker

A

lower SES

104
Q

Also known as: middle class, managerial, white collar

Occupations: Salesperson, teacher, professionals

A

Middle SES

105
Q

Occupations: Corporate executives, political leaders

A

upper SES

106
Q

In 2008, 36.5% of female-headed families lived in poverty _________compared to only 6.4% of married-couple families

A

(feminization of poverty)

107
Q

Immigrants often experience stressors uncommon to or less prominent among longtime residents such as:

A

language barriers
dislocations and separations from support networks
the dual struggle to preserve identity and to acculturate
changes in SES status

108
Q

the process of adapting to the majority culture

A

acculturation

adolescence course (1 decks)

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