test 2

Question 1

refers to the biology of being male, female, or intersex

Answer 1

sex

Question 2

refers to behavioral, psychological, social and cultural characteristics of being male or female

Answer 2

gender

Question 3

a culturally-defined set of attitudes, behaviors, and expectations that dictate how people with a certain gender are expected to act, think, + feel

Answer 3

gender roles

Question 4

broad categories that reflect a culture’s impressions and beliefs about men and women; they are generalizations that are not always accurate or true

Answer 4

gender stereotypes

Question 5

Researchers have found, however, that sexual behavior is related to hormonal changes during puberty, at least for boys

Answer 5

true

Question 6

argued that an individual’s genitals influence his or her gender behavior

Answer 6

freud and erikson

Question 7

Freud believed that gender and sexual behavior are essentially

Answer 7

unlearned and instinctual

Question 8

argue that because of differing roles in reproduction, males and females faced different pressures in primeval environments when the human species was evolving

Answer 8

evolutionary psychology

Question 9

Gender differences mainly result from the contrasting roles of females and males

Answer 9

social role theory

Question 10

associated with social role theory

Answer 10

alice eagly

Question 11

emphasizes that children’s and adolescents’ gender development is influenced by:
Their observation and imitation of others’ gender behavior
The rewards and punishments they experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior

Answer 11

social cognitive theory

Question 12

Gender-typing emerges as children and adolescents gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture

Answer 12

gender schema theory

Question 13

The presence of a high degree of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual

Answer 13

androgeny

Question 14

Psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls _____________ because of increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional masculine and feminine gender roles

Answer 14

become greater during early adolescence

Question 15

where was tech in the 2015 sexual health report card

Answer 15

132

Question 16

Romantic and/or sexual attractions

Heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, pansexuality, asexuality

Answer 16

sexual orientation

Question 17

In a recent U.S. national survey conducted in 2009, ____ of 12th-graders reported that they had experienced sexual intercourse compared with ___of 9th-graders

Answer 17

62%

32%

Question 18

The timing of teenage sexual initiation varies widely by culture and gender, and in most instances is linked to the culture’s

Answer 18

values and customs

Question 19

A stereotyped pattern of role prescriptions for how individuals should behave sexually

Answer 19

sexual scripts

Question 20

The majority of adol sexual experiences involve the male making sexual advances, and it is up to the______to set the limits/boundaries on the date or in the relationship

Answer 20

female

Question 21

are increasingly implicated in sexual risk taking in adolescence

Answer 21

cognitive factors

Question 22

develops slower and later than limbic system (subcortical system that contributes to emotions and rewards)

Answer 22

Prefrontal cortex (responsible for self-control, reasoning, and decision-making)

Question 23

Someone who identifies with being lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, pansexual, even asexual

Answer 23

sexual minority

Question 24

Someone who does not identify with traditional binary descriptors of “male” and “female”; Could identify as transgender or queer, perhaps

Answer 24

gender minority

Question 25

Researchers have also examined genetic influences on sexual orientation by studying _____

Answer 25

twins

Question 26

An individual’s sexual orientation is most likely determined by a combination of

Answer 26

genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors

Question 27

Establishing a gay male or lesbian identity is often referred to as the

Answer 27

coming out process

Question 28

Having irrational negative feelings against individuals who have same-sex attractions

Answer 28

homophobia

Question 29

Having irrational negative feelings against individuals who identify as transmen and/or transwomen

Answer 29

transphobia

Question 30

Methods to reduce unwanted pregnancy and transmission of STIs

Answer 30

contraceptives

Question 31

Each year more than 200,000 females in the U.S. have a child before their 18th birthday

Answer 31

true

Question 32

In 2006, _____of teen pregnancies ended in legal abortion

Answer 32

27%

Question 33

Adolescent mothers are more likely to come from

Answer 33

low-SES backgrounds and neighborhoods; minimal access to resources

Question 34

Only _____ girls receives any prenatal care at all during the first 3 months of pregnancy

Answer 34

1/5

Question 35

John Conger (1988) offered four recommendations for reducing the high rate of adolescent pregnancy:

Answer 35

Sex education and family planning Access to contraceptive methods The life options approach Broad community involvement and support

Question 36

are Infections that are contracted primarily through sexual contact (i.e., kissing on mouth, touching with hands, genital rubbing, oral sex, vaginal + anal penetration)

Answer 36

STIs

Question 37

3 caused by viruses

Answer 37

AIDS, HPV, and HSV

Question 38

3 caused by bacteria

Answer 38

gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia

Question 39

virus STIs curable?

Answer 39

no

Question 40

A sexually transmitted infection that is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body’s immune system

Answer 40

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Question 41

In the U.S., prevention is targeted at groups that show the highest incidence of AIDS:

Answer 41

``` Drug users Individuals with other STIs Young gay males Individuals living in low-income circumstances Latinos and African Americans ```

Question 42

It is estimated that approximately _____of adolescents have genital herpes

Answer 42

20%

Question 43

Caused by a large family of viruses with many different strains, some of which produce other, nonsexually transmitted diseases such as cold sores (HSV-1)

Answer 43

Genital herpes HSV2

Question 44

Caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is difficult to test for and does not always produce symptoms, but is very contagious

Answer 44

genital warts

Question 45

is the most commonly acquired STI in 15-24 age group

Answer 45

HPV

Question 46

An STI that is commonly called the “drip” or the “clap,” caused by a bacterium

Answer 46

gonorrhea

Question 47

One of the most common of all STIs highly infectious Women run a 70% risk of contracting it in a single sexual encounter with an infected partner

Answer 47

chlamydia

Question 48

It is transmitted by penile-vaginal, oral-genital, or anal contact It can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus after the fourth month of pregnancy

Answer 48

syphillis

Question 49

Forcible sexual contact that includes penetration with a person who does not give consent

Answer 49

rape

Question 50

Coercive sexual activity directed at someone whom the perpetrator knows

Answer 50

date, or acquaintance rape

Question 51

forms—ranging from sexual and sexist gestures, behaviors, attitudes, and covert physical contact (patting, brushing against bodies) to blatant propositions and sexual assaults

Answer 51

sexual harassment

Question 52

Persons are subjected to unwelcome sexual conduct that is so severe, persistent, or pervasive that it limits ability to perform work or school duties

Answer 52

Hostile environment sexual harassment:

Question 53

Thoughts, behaviors, and feelings regarding standards of right and wrong

Answer 53

morality

Question 54

regulates a person’s activities when she or he is not engaged in social interaction

Answer 54

intrapersonal dimension

Question 55

-- regulates people’s social interactions and arbitrates conflict

Answer 55

interpersonal dimension

Question 56

Punishment and obedience orientation | Moral thinking is often tied to punishment

Answer 56

stage 1

Question 57

: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange | Individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same

Answer 57

stage 2

Question 58

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity Individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments Children and adol often adopt their parents’ moral standards at this stage

Answer 58

stage 3

Question 59

Social systems morality | Moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty

Answer 59

stage 4

Question 60

Social contract or utility and individual rights A person evaluates the validity of actual law and examines social systems in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values

Answer 60

stage 5

Question 61

Universal ethical principles | The highest stage at which the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights

Answer 61

stage 6

Question 62

Most adolescents reason at Stage ____

Answer 62

3

Question 63

Like Piaget, Kohlberg emphasized that _______ is a critical part of the social stimulation that challenges individuals to change their moral orientation

Answer 63

peer interaction

Question 64

Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized for placing too much emphasis on ________and not enough emphasis on ______

Answer 64

moral thought moral behavior

Question 65

Social conventional reasoning focuses on

Answer 65

conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system Conventional rules are arbitrary

Question 66

, moral reasoning focuses on

Answer 66

ethical issues and rules of morality | Moral rules are not arbitrary

Question 67

an unselfish interest in helping another person

Answer 67

altruism

Question 68

Adolescent females view themselves as more prosocial and empathic, and also engage in more prosocial behavior than male

Answer 68

true

Question 69

An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation

Answer 69

forgiveness

Question 70

A feeling of thankfulness and appreciation, especially in response to someone doing something kind or helpful

Answer 70

gratitude

Question 71

: Reacting to another’s feelings with an emotional response that is similar to that person’s feelings

Answer 71

empathy

Question 72

Thoughts, behavior, and feelings can all be involved in an individual’s

Answer 72

moral personality

Question 73

when moral notions and commitments are central to their life

Answer 73

moral identity

Question 74

Involves having the strength of your convictions, persisting, and overcoming distractions and obstacles presupposes that the person has set moral goals and that achieving those goals involves the commitment to act in accord with those goals

Answer 74

moral character

Question 75

people emphasize are honesty, truthfulness, trustworthiness, care, compassion, thoughtfulness, dependability, loyalty, and conscientiousness

Answer 75

moral virtues

Question 76

are people who have lived exemplary lives a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment

Answer 76

moral exemplars

Question 77

A parent withholds attention or love from the adolescent

Answer 77

love withdrawal

Question 78

A parent attempts to gain control over the adol or the adolescent’s resources

Answer 78

power assertion

Question 79

A parent uses reason and explanation of consequences for others of the adolescent’s actions positive

Answer 79

induction

Question 80

is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school created by school and classroom rules, the moral orientation of teachers and school administrators, and text materials

Answer 80

hidden curriculum

Question 81

Currently 40 states have mandates regarding____________ a direct education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy

Answer 81

character education,

Question 82

Involves helping individuals to clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for encourages students to define their own values and understand the values of others

Answer 82

Values clarification

Question 83

A form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community An important goal is that adolescents become less self-centered and more strongly motivated to help others

Answer 83

service learning

Question 84

Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be family, friends, religion, politics, money, dating, love, and sex, helping others (humans + animals), environmentalism, self-respect, etc!

Answer 84

values

Question 85

One long-standing source for discovering purpose in life is through

Answer 85

religion

Question 86

A recent developmental study revealed religiousness__________from 14 to 20 years of age in the United States

Answer 86

declined

Question 87

An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increase a person’s connection to a sacred or transcendent other (e.g., a god or goddess, a connecting force, and/or ultimate self-truth and enlightenment)

Answer 87

religion

Question 88

Degree of affiliation with a religion, participation in its rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs, and involvement in a community of believers

Answer 88

religiousness

Question 89

Involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits society and others

Answer 89

spirituality

Question 90

The behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a specific group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

Answer 90

culture

Question 91

tendency to favor one’s own group over other groups

Answer 91

ethnocentrism

Question 92

Involve the comparison of a culture with one or more other cultures Provides information about other cultures and the role of culture in development

Answer 92

cross cultural studies

Question 93

Priority to personal goals rather than to group goals | --Emphasizes values that serve the self, such as feeling good, personal distinction and achievement, and independence

Answer 93

individualism

Question 94

Priority to group goals --Emphasizes values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, interdependence of the members, and harmonious relationships

Answer 94

collectivism

Question 95

Ceremonies or rituals that mark an individual’s transition from one status to another

Answer 95

rites of passage

Question 96

A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

Answer 96

socioeconomic status

Question 97

Typically defined by economic hardship and a poverty threshold (or “poverty line”) as laid out by the federal government

Answer 97

poverty

Question 98

adol living in poverty are more likely to:

Answer 98

Engage in risky behaviors Run away from home Have school-related risks (truancy, dropping out, inferior schools) Have a lack of access to jobs, social mobility Encounter delinquency

Question 99

is based on shared cultural heritage, race, religion, language, and nationality

Answer 99

ethnicity

Question 100

many ethnic minority adolescents experience a double disadvantage

Answer 100

many ethnic minority adolescents experience a double disadvantage

Question 101

An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of the individual’s membership in a group

Answer 101

prejudice

Question 102

A major trend in the use of technology is the dramatic increase in

Answer 102

media multitasking

Question 103

Also known as: low-income, working-class, blue-collar | Occupations: Factory worker, maintenance worker

Answer 103

lower SES

Question 104

Also known as: middle class, managerial, white collar | Occupations: Salesperson, teacher, professionals

Answer 104

Middle SES

Question 105

Occupations: Corporate executives, political leaders

Answer 105

upper SES

Question 106

In 2008, 36.5% of female-headed families lived in poverty _________compared to only 6.4% of married-couple families

Answer 106

(feminization of poverty)

Question 107

Immigrants often experience stressors uncommon to or less prominent among longtime residents such as:

Answer 107

language barriers dislocations and separations from support networks the dual struggle to preserve identity and to acculturate changes in SES status

Question 108

the process of adapting to the majority culture

Answer 108

acculturation