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Geology 101 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Stress is the…

A

Force acting on a rock to deform it

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2
Q

Uniform (Confining) Stress

A

Stress is equal in all directions

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3
Q

Differential Stress

A

Not equal in all directions

-This is what deforms rocks

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4
Q

Three types of differential stress

A
  • Tensional
  • Compressional
  • Shear
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5
Q

Tensional Stress

A

Pulling apart of the rock

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6
Q

Compressional Stress

A

Squeezing together

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7
Q

Shear Stress

A

Slipping, twisting, or wrenching of the rock

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8
Q

Strain

A

Strain is the change in shape or volume of a rock that results from stress

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9
Q

Brittle deformation-Fracture

A
  • Irreversible break

- Stress exceeds the ductile limit

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10
Q

Ductile Deformation

A
  • Irreversible change in size or shape

- Volume and density may change

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11
Q

Dip

A

Angle from horizontal

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12
Q

Strike

A

The compass bearing of a horizontal line

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13
Q

Joints

A

Fractures created by tension in brittle rocks due to differential stress during tectonic interactions

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14
Q

Fault types

A

-Normal Faults
-Reverse Faults
-

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15
Q

Normal Faults

A

Hanging wall moves downward relative to footwall

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16
Q

Reverse Faults

A

Hanging wall moves up relative to footwall

-Created by compressional stress

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17
Q

Thrust Faults

A
  • Special reverse fault
  • Common in large mountain ranges
  • Shallow dip angle, less than 45*
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18
Q

Strike-slip Faults

A

Principle movement is horizontal

-Caused by shear stress

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19
Q

Folds

A

Warps in rock layers due to ductile deformation

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20
Q

Synclines

A
  • Warp downward

- Youngest Strata exposed along axial plane

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21
Q

Anticlines

A
  • Warp upward

- Oldest layers exposed at center folds along axial plane

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22
Q

Monoclines

A

Dip in one direction

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23
Q

Complex Folds

A
  • Application of shear stress

- Multiple folding events

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24
Q

Plunging folds

A

Occur when the folds axis is dipping or plunging

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25
Q

Limbs

A

Some folds are not the same, one dips more steeply than the other

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26
Q

Domes and basins

A
  • Generally occur in continental interiors
  • Broadly warped regions
  • Roughly circular pattern of outcrops
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27
Q

Catastrophism

A
  • The earth is young
  • Two chapters:
    1. Short period where earth’s features were created by supernatural forces
    2. Human existence and decaying earth
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28
Q

Uniformitariansism

A
  • Earth is old
  • Earth has many chapters
  • Earth’s features are due to natural processes over long periods of time
  • The present is the key to the past
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29
Q

Charles Lyell

A
  • Emphasized long period of time
  • Small changes over long time wrought substantial changes
  • Instrumental in Darwin’s ponderings
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30
Q

Lord Kelvin

A
  • Cooling earth

- Earth is 400-20 million yo

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31
Q

Relative dating

A

Ordering of events

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32
Q

Absolute dating

A

Scaling events (Chronological order)

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33
Q

Seven Relative Dating Principles

A
  1. Law of Superposition
  2. Original Horizontality
  3. Original Continuity
  4. Cross-cutting relations
  5. Law of Inclusions
  6. Baked Contacts
  7. Fossil Succession
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34
Q

Geologic timescale

A 
Phanerozoic
-Cenozoic (recent life)
-Mesozoic (middle life)
-Paleozoic (ancient life)
Azoic
-"Precambrian"
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35
Q

Unconformities

A

Boundaries between rock formations of different ages.

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36
Q

Climate

A

Long term conditions

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37
Q

Weather

A

Short term conditions

38
Q

Seasons

A

Tilt of earths Axis

39
Q

Composition of Atmosphere

A

Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Argon

40
Q

Unique in our solar system

A
  • Oxygen/Nitrogen

- Water vapor

41
Q

Structure of Atmosphere

A
  • Solar radiation heats the atmosphere

- Temp varied with latitude and altitude (wind and ocean circulation attempt to redistribute the temps)

42
Q

Factors that determine climate

A
  • Latitude
  • Altitude
  • Terrain
  • Proximity to large water bodies
  • Ocean currents
  • Snow cover
43
Q

Magnetoshpere

A

Keeps us protected from the sun’s solar wind (flowing ions) which would erode the atmosphere

44
Q

Thermosphere

A
  • Temp increases with altitude

- Charged ions formed

45
Q

Mesosphere

A

Temp decreases with altitude

46
Q

Stratosphere

A

Temp increases with altitude due to the ozone

Does not readily mix with troposhpere

47
Q

Troposphere

A

Temp decreases with altitude

Turbulent flow of air, variable humidity

48
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A
  • Air has very low density
  • Column of air exerts pressure
  • Atmospheric pressure drops rapidly with altitude
49
Q

Water Vapor

A
  • Atmosphere varies in evaporation and precipitation
  • Traps heat
  • Reflects incident solar radiation
50
Q

Atmospheric Circulation

A
  • Solar radiation produces differential heating of the earth
  • Air masses move to balance global temperature
  • Warm air rises, cold air sinks
51
Q

Water Circulation in the Atmosphere

A

Atmospheric circulation moves water

  • Evaporation increases with temp
  • Warm air holds more water
  • Warm air rises and moves towards poles as cold air sinks
52
Q

Climate zones

A
  • Climate impacts geologic processes

- Sedimentary rocks record ancient climates

53
Q

Weathering

A

The physical and/or chemical alteration of rocks and minerals

54
Q

Physical Weathering

A
  • Physical breakage of rocks into smaller pieces
  • Ice wedging
  • Sheeting
  • Tree roots and crystal growth
  • No change in chemical composition
55
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

-Proceeds by the removal or addition of chemical components to the minerals, changing the composition of the original material

56
Q

Dissolution

A

Dissolving of material

57
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical breakdown due to water exposure

58
Q

Oxidation

A

Combination of oxygen with one mineral to form a completely different mineral where one element has a higher oxidation state (higher ionic charge)

59
Q

Mechanical and chemical weathering

A

Mechanical weathering enhances chemical weathering by producing more surface area

60
Q

Spheroidal weathering

A

Decomposition is most rapid at corners

61
Q

Differential Weathering

A

Caused by variations in weathering rater

Occurs over a broad range of scales

62
Q

Types of mass movement

A
  • Creep
  • Solifluction
  • Landslides
63
Q

Creep

A
  • Extremely slow movement of soil and regolith
  • Heaving soil, expansion and contraction
  • Wet-dry cycles
  • Freeze-thaw cycles
64
Q

Solifluction

A
  • Creep that occurs in permafrost
  • Melting of soil water occurs from the surface down
  • Permafrost prevents downward percolation
  • Surface soils become saturated and begin to flow
65
Q

Landslides

A
  • Slump block
  • Flow
  • Debris slide
  • Landslide (rock and debris)
  • Rock slide
66
Q

Slump block

A
  • Spoon shaped slippage
  • Block moves downward and outward
  • Multiple slippage planes
  • Bedding plane displacement provides evidence for movement
67
Q

Flows

A
  • Mixture of water, mud, and rock
  • Flows downhill
  • Water lubricates mass of soil and rock
  • Boulders and buildings may be carried
68
Q

Debris slides

A
  • Mass movement along a well defined slippage plane
  • Landslide block moves as a single or group of units
  • Rock type, orientation, and water content influence events
69
Q

Landslide (rock and debris)

A
  • Rapid movement of large blocks of rock
  • Slippage plane usually associated with
  • Bedding plane
  • Joint plane
  • Structural weakness
  • Blocks generally degrade as they move
70
Q

Seven reasons for mass movement

A
  1. Gravity
  2. Fractures in uncosolidated rock and dirt
  3. Stability of slope
  4. The role of water
  5. Planes of weakness
  6. Climate-Rapid snow melt
  7. Fire removes vegetation
71
Q

Mass movement triggers

A
  • Earthquakes/vibrations
  • Slope angle and undercutting
  • Climate
  • Volcanoes
  • Human activities
72
Q

Collecting/tributaries

A

Where water is collected before forming a stream/river

73
Q

Transport/trunk stream

A

The rivers and streams which take the water to the ocean

74
Q

Dispersing/distributaries

A

Smaller streams that empty the water to the ocean

75
Q

Drainage patterns

A
  • Dendric
  • Radial
  • Rectangular
  • Trellis
76
Q

Dendric

A

Vein like

77
Q

Radial

A

Water draining off a mountain

78
Q

Rectangular

A

Drainage in a rectangular pattern

79
Q

Trellis

A

Drainage patterns in carved out canyons

80
Q

Flow conditions

A
  • Laminar (High/low water velocity)

- Turbulent (Upward force to transport sediment)

81
Q

Sediment load

A

Material carried along by the stream

82
Q

Suspended load

A

Fine particles in a stream or river

83
Q

Bed load

A

Coarse particles in a stream or river

84
Q

Dissolved load

A

Ions in solution

85
Q

Erosion in river systems

A
  • Abrasion/down cutting
  • Headward erosion
  • Slope retreat
86
Q

Meandering stream

A

A stream that goes to and fro

87
Q

Braided stream

A

Looks like a braid

88
Q

Deltas

A

Deltas are dispersion systems

89
Q

Alluvial fans

A

Form in arid regions where streams enter dry basins. Sediment is deposited as gradient decreases

90
Q

Floods

A

Rivers flood from time to time, no matter what we do to stop them.

Geology 101 (1 decks)

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