Test 2 Flashcards
How much of the adult population consumes caffeine
80%
How much caffeine is in a regular cup of coffee on average
100mg
How much caffeine is in a can of pop
40mg
What is excedrin and how much caffeine is in it
It is a drug that contains caffeine that is used to treat headaches. It contains 65mg of caffeine.
What is caffeine
a xanthine alkaloid
What are the names of three cousins of caffeine
guaranine, mateine and theine
When does caffeine reach peak plasma content
after 45 minutes
How much of caffeine is excreted unchanged
2-3%
What are the three metabolites of caffeine
paraxanthine, theobromine, theophylline
What is the largest metabolite of caffeine
theobromine
What does the metabolite of caffeine called paraxanthine do
increases lipolysis (decreases fat)
What does the metabolite of caffeine called theobromine do
dilates blood vessels and increases urine volume
what does the metabolite of caffeine called theophylline do
relaxes smooth muscles and bronchi in the lungs. It can be used to treat asthma
What enzyme is caffeine metabolized by
CYP1A2
What is an example of a drug that is an inhibitor of CYP1A2
Fluvoxamine (SSRI)
What is the half life of caffeine
2.5-10 hours
In what populations is the half life of caffeine extended
infants, pregnant, and elderly
What are the side effects of heavy consumption (15 cups of coffee a day)
Agitation, anxiety, tremors, insomnia
What is considered a lethal dose of coffee
10g or 100 cups of coffee
What is caffeinism
a clinical syndrome characterized by overuse of caffeine, CNS effects like anxiety/agitation/insomnia and PNS effects like hypertension/tachycardia/ and gastrointestinal issues
What does it mean to say that caffeine increases cardiac contractibility and output
your heart pumps harder in terms of power
Does caffeine constrict or dilate coronary arteries
dilates
Does caffeine constrict or dilate cerebral blood vessels
constricts
Why does ephedrine work to help headaches
it has caffeine which reduces cerebral blood flow. Which means less oxygen in the brain and more room between the brain and the skull
What are three physical actions of caffeine
bronchial relaxation, increases secretion of gastric acid, increases urine output
What two physical actions of caffeine make the drug a good digestion aid
it relaxes your bronchi, and increases the secretion of gastric acid in your stomach
How is caffeine an adenosine antagonist
it is a competitive inhibitor of adenosine
Explain the typical outcome of adenosine activation and explain what happens when caffeine inhibits adenosine`
adenosine typically releases GABA in the dopamine reward pathway. This makes more GABA in the rear pathway than dopamine. Caffeine blocking adenosine receptor reduces the release of GABA and allows for more dopamine in the reward system instead. But only in the prefrontal cortex
What is the caffeine intake of canadian adults broken down into
60% coffee, 30% tea, and 10% chocolate, cola, and energy drinks
What is the caffeine intake of canadian children aged 1-5 broken down into
55% cola drinks, 30% tea, and 14% chocolate
What do the broad canadian guidelines suggest the maximum daily caffeine intake be
400 mg or 4 cups of coffee
What is the safe daily intake of caffeine for kids aged 4-5 years
45 mg
What is the safe daily intake of caffeine for kids aged 7-9
62.5mg
What is the safe daily intake of caffeine for kids aged 10-12
85 mg
What is the maximum safe daily dose of caffeine for pregnant woman
300mg of caffeine
At reasonable dosages of caffeine use from pregnant woman what can the results on the fetus be
a modest degree of fetal growth restriction
At high doses of caffeine while pregnant what are the associated fetal outcomes
can increase the risk of miscarriage (no other effects)
What are three fruits/vegetables that nicotine is found in
tomatoes, eggplant, and potatoes
How many cancer deaths does smoking account for
30%
How fast does cigarette smoke (nicotine) diffuse through the blood, lungs, heart, brain, and exert an effect
7 seconds
What is the half life of nicotine
2hours
What is the maximum amount of nicotine the body wants before it shuts it down
1-2mg of nicotine
How much of nicotine from cigarettes actually gets absorbed into the body
20% or 0.5-3 mg
What enzyme metabolizes nicotine
CYP-2A6
What is the metabolite of nicotine and is it active or passive
cotinine and active
How long does the metabolite of nicotine called cotinine stay in the blood
48 hours
What receptor does nicotine bind to
nAChR or alpha4 beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Where are the nAChR receptors that nicotine binds to found
presynaptic nerve terminal on dopamine neurons, acetylcholine neurons, and glutamate neurons
What neurotransmitter is released when nicotine binds to a receptor
either acetylcholine, glutamate, or dopamine depending on which type of neuron the receptor was on
What makes nicotine positively reinforcing
it increases dopamine levels in the limbic system
How much already bounded molecules (previous nicotine, or acetylcholine etc) does nicotine displace after 3 cigarettes
75%
What are 6 effects of nicotine in early stages of use
Nausea, vomiting, stimulates the hypothalamus which releases ADH, decreases muscle tone, appetite suppressant, increased blood flow to arousal/reward centres, and anti depressant effects
What does the release of ADH do
makes you less likely to pee, and feel bloated. Causes fluid retention
What does nicotine use during pregnancy lead to
a 2-3 fold increase in being small for gestational age, paediatric asthma, SIDS, various immunological diseases, fetal hypoxia which leads to lower IQ’
When nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are activated elsewhere in the body happens (3)
Increase of blood pressure and heart rate, causes release of epinephrine, and gastrointestinal enhancement
What are 5 treatments for nicotine addiction that include nicotine
transdermal patch, nicotine gum, nicotine nasal spray, nicotine inhaler, and e-cigarettes
Why are e-cigarettes that contain nicotine banned
health canada and other bodies don’t know enough about them or inhaling the PG that is in them
What are 3 pharmacotherapies used for treating nicotine addiction
bupropion (like wellbutrin and zyban), Varencline (champix), and CBT
How did Buproprion become a treatment for nicotine addiction
was originally an anti-depressant. It was a crappy anti-depressant but they noticed that the depressed people who were taking it stopped smoking.
What is the history of Varencline or Champix
It was a drug to stop smoking that was effective but increased violence and aggressive behaviours. So people have to be screened for violent tendencies before taking this
Why is the patch the best treatment option for nicotine addiction
Maintains a level of nicotine in plasma so there are less highs and lows/cravings. It also reaches the highest amount of nicotine in plasma relative to a normal cigarette.
What does THC stand for
Tetrahydrocannibal
What is the most common illicit drug in the world
Cannabis
What are the three main reasons/goals for the cannabis law in Ontario
Legalize, restrict and regulate sale of cannabis, restrict sale to youth, limit the illicit cannabis trade
What are the three psychoactive compounds in weed
Delta 9 Tetrahydracannabinol, cannabinol, cannbidiol
What is the main psychoactive ingredient in weed (not thc)
Delta 9 tetrahyrdycannibinol
What is hashish and how potent is it
Dried portions of the female plant. High potency-10-20% thc
What is ganja and how potent is it
Dried tops of the female flower, medium potency 5-8% thc
What is marijuana and how potent is it
The remainder of the weed plant- low potency 2-5% thc
What are 5 routes of administration for THC
Pipe, cigar, cigarette, bong, and edibles
What does a weed cigarette(joint) have in it
Dried marijuana buds and tobacco
What does a weed cigar(blunt) consist of
Taking out whatever was originally in the cigar and replacing it with marijuana
What is a reason someone would use a pipe for thc
There is a higher level of drug entry
Why are bongs used for weed
The water pipe increases the concentration of thc. It is less harsh than other methods while being the most concentrated form
What are THC receptors called and when were the found
CB1 and CB2 in the 90’s
What 3 things do G protein coupled receptors do in relation to thc
- Inhibit adenylate cyclase
- Binds thc
- Binds other cannabinoids
Where are CB1 receptors found
On the presynaptic nerve terminal
What endogenous neurotransmitter is meant to bind to the receptors that THC binds to
Anandamide
What does activation of the THC receptor do in terms of charge and what does this result in
inhibits calcium (positive) and facilitates potassium (also positive, slightly less though). Because potassium is considered the “off” binding of the THC receptor makes a cell less likely to fire on the presynaptic side.
By THC decreasing the likelihood that the presynaptic neutron will fire what results
decrease in overall neurotrasnmitters including GABA. Leads to overall neuronal inhibition.
Is THC a weaker or stronger agonist than endogenous anadmide
stronger agonist
Is THC potent
not overly. There are not a lot of places for the drug to bind to in our bodies. There are just enough to feel an effect.
What type of agonist are anandamide and THC
partial agonists
What percent of available receptors does anandamide bind to
50%
What percent of available receptors does THC bind to
20%
What are 4 major brain regions that THC effects
basal ganglia, cerebellum, frontal cortex, and the hippocampus
What are the results of THC binding to receptors in the basal ganglia or the cerebellum
Movement slows down and posture changes
What are the results of THC binding to receptors in the frontal cortex
Changes in senses and perception of time. (The psychoactive effects of the drug)
What are the results of THC binding to receptors in the hippocampus
Memory being affected and memory storage
How much THC is in a joint and how much THC is available in smoke and how much of the available THC in the smoke actually gets absorbed into the blood stream
75mg, 25 mg, and 5-10 mg
What drug is an oral way to take THC
Dronabinol (marinol)
Why would someone take dronabinol for a dose of THC (3 reasons)
Slower onset, goes through first pass metabolism, and helps with nausea
How much THC gets into the blood stream when taking dronabinol
10-20%
What is the active metabolite of THC
11 Hydroxy-delta-9-THC
What is the half life 11 hydroxy-delta-9-THC
4-6 hours
What is the effect of hydroxy-delta-9-THC
It is very similar to the effect of THC
How long does the effect of THC last when it is smoked
2-3 hours
Is THC lipid or water soluble or readily does it pass through the blood brain barrier and placental barrier
it is highly lipid soluble and readily passes through the blood brain barrier and placental barrier
What is the inactive metabolite of THC called and what is the half life
carboxy-thc and this has a half life of 30-60 hours
What are the pharmacological effects of THC (6)
Analgesic properties, decreases body temperature, calms aggressive behaviour, temporal distortions, memory impairments, increased appetite (weight gain)
The decreased blood flow that is a result of THC leads to which psychoactive effect
memory impairments
How long does it take frequent marijuana users to go back to their original selves once they stop using
1 year
When chronic marijuana users over 10 years stop smoking what percentage of their original state do they get back
90%
What are the two mechanisms of tolerance or dependence for THC
Down regulation of cannabinoid receptor (most common mechanism) and receptor internalization
What are 4 withdrawal symptoms when stopping THC use
depressed mood, insomnia, lower food intake, irritability
What are the purposes of cannabinoid antagonists (3)
They block the marijuana induced intoxication and assists in abstinence. They enhance learning and memory. They can control eating and obesity.
What are psychedelic drugs
a class of drug in which hallucinations and out of body experiences occur
What are the the two types of produced psychedelics
naturally produced and synthetically produced
What were psychedelics historically used for
religious ceremonies
What are 4 different classes of psychedelics
anticholinergics, catetchlominelike, seroton like or monoaminergic, and glutaminergic NMDAR antagonists, Opioid kappa receptor agonists
What time of psychedelic drug class does scopolamine fall under
anticholinergic
What does scopolamine do at the receptor level
it blocks the acetycholine receptor so actual acetylcholine or other active molecules cannot bind to it
Where does scopolamine come from
the plant atropa belladonna
Is scopolamine potent? Toxic?
It is a highly potent drug and at high doses it can be poisonous
What is cholinesterase?
An enzyme that breaks down choline
What happens when you take cholinesterase inhibitors
a buildup of choline which leads to over excitation- up to death
What is atropine
a molecule that reverses cholinesterase inhibitors
What drug is an important source of atropine
scopolamine
What was scopolamine originally used for
women used to put it in their eyes to constrict the muscle in eyes for beauty purposes.
Does scopolamine work on the CNS or PNS
The PNS
Is scopolamine an antagonist or an agonist (which type) and at which receptor
scopolamine is a competitive antagonist at the muscarinic receptor
What kind of syndrome can scopolamine lead to
anticholinergic syndrome
What are the characteristics of anticholinergic syndrome (5)
Dry mouth, reduced sweating, dry skin, increased body temperature, and tachycardia (irregular heartbeat)
What do low doses of scopolamine lead to (4)
drowsiness, profound amnesia, mental confusion, absence of REM
What happens to your sleep when you stop taking scopolamine
very vivid REM
What do high (toxic) doses of scopolamine lead to (3)
Delirium, coma, respiratory depression
What makes a certain psychedelic a catechlomine psychedelic
these drug are structurally similar to catechlomine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and amphetamines)
What type of psychedelic has amphetamine like properties (as well as other effects)
Catechlomine like psychedelics
What are 4 types of catechllomine like psychedelics
MDMA, Mescaline, Myristin, and Elemicin
Which catechlomine like psychedelics come from nut meg
Myristin and Elemicin
What neurotransmitter receptors do catechlomine psychedelics interact with
dopamine receptors and the 5-HT2A receptor
What is the result of catechlomine psychedelics binding to the 5-HT2A receptors
The psychedelic actions of the drug
Where does Mescaline come from and how is it made
it comes from the peyote cactus. The crown of the plant is cut, and dried to a hard brown disk referred to ask mescal buttons.
How is Mescaline taken
it can be chewed or soaked to make a drink
What is the common use of mescaline
for religious services in the native community.
Describe the pharmacokinetics of of mescaline
effects are ramped up slowly and last a long time (10 hours)
What time of action does mescaline have on the 5ht2a receptor
agonistic action
How long does it take for mescaline to reach peak plasma content
1-2 hours
What kind of high does mescaline cause
it alters the visual system and causes an acute psychomimetic state (like a psychosis- you’re in an altered state)
What drug is ecstasy structurally similar to
Mescaline
What usage shift occurred with ecstasy
it went from being a rave or club drug to a normal night thing
Is ecstasy more or less potent and toxic than mescaline
it is much more potent and toxic
Why is ecstasy so dangerous
it causes serotinergic neurotoxicity
What drug was made famous by the Dallas gay club
ecstasy
What is the typical street price for an ecstasy high
$5-10
What are some of the symptoms you experience while on ecstasy
Hyperthermia, Tachycardia, convulsions, kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmia, and death
What drug reverses the effect of ecstasy and when or why would you take it
Dantrolene is used to reverse the effect of ecstasy when you have a fatal syndrome called malignant hypothermia.
What age group is the design of ecstasy pills aimed to appeal to
ages 12-17
What is an example of a serotinergic or monoaminergic psychedelic
LSD
What does LSD stand for
lysergic acid diethylamide
Where is LSD found
in the Ipomoea purpurea plant seeds
what kind of action does LSD have on the 5HT2A receptor
agonistic action
Is LSD a safe drug
relatively speaking yes. It has very low toxicity
What two areas of the brain does LSD activate
The prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex
What are some of the effects of LSD (4)
Alterations in perception, temporal changes, visual alteration, and euphoric mood
What is HPPD
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. Where a person will experience flashbacks of a visual hallucination after the drug action has passed.
What are the three phases of LSD-induced psychedelic experiences
Somatic phase- CNS stimulation and autonomic changes
Sensory (perceptual) phase- sensory distortions and pseudo hallucinations
Psychic phase- maximum drug effect. “bad trip”
What are two examples of glutaminergic NMDAR antagonist psychedelics
ketamine and phencyclidine
What odd setting are glutaminergic NMDAR antagonist psychedelics used in
vet settings
What were ketamine and phencyclidine originally used for
anesthesia
What kind of symptoms do glutaminergic NMDAR antagonists resemble
schizophrenia symptoms
What receptor types do Glutaminergic NMDAR antagonists not have an effect on
5-HT, ACh, or DA
what kind of antagonistic action do Glutaminergic NMDAR antagonists have on the NMDAR
competitive antagonistic action
Where is the ketamine binding site found
IN the NMDAR
How does ketamine work
it blocks an open channel from sites within the receptor. also binds on the outside
Overall what does ketamine do
disassociates people from their environments
What are the characteristics of the psychotic state induced by ketamine (5)
rigid, unable to speak, appear very drunk, amnesia, coma/stupor (at high doses)
What is opium
the juice that comes from the opium poppy plant
What does is an opiate
the drug that is made with opium
what is an opioid
a broad descriptor for any drug that binds to the opioid receptor
What are the four main causes of acute pain
a trigger, soft tissue damage, infection, inflammation
What is the process of detecting pain called
nociception
what does the process of nociception refer to
the system that carries signals of damage and pain to the brain.
What are nociceptive neurons
specialized neurons that focus on detecting pain
Where do nociceptive neutrons have cell bodies
in the dorsal root ganglia
What are 3 types of pain that nociceptive neutrons can pick up on
mechanical, thermal and chemical
Where do the axons of nociceptive neutrons synapse
axons synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
Do opioids remove pain
no they simply modulate the symptoms of pain
What endogenous molecules mimic opioids
endorphins and enkephalin
Are opioids or endogenous pain killers stronger
opioids
Why is it bad that opioids are stronger than our endogenous enkephalin and endorphins
we have lowered our internal ability to manage our pain
Why is it good that opioids are stronger than our endogenous enkephalin and endorphins
we can control our pain/ manage our experience of pain
The natural method of getting opium through poppy plants is utilized for which three types of drugs
Morphine, codeine and thebaine
What are 3 examples of semi synthetic opioids?
Heroin, oxycodone and hydromorphone
What are 2 examples of fully synthetic opioids
Fentanyl and methadone
What is a papaver somniferum
An opium poppy that means sleep bringing poppy.
What is the extraction technique for opium
Workers will scratch a whole bunch of plants and then return to them to scoop up the liquid.
What are the three types of opium receptors
Mu, Kappa and Delta
Up to how many subtypes of opioid receptors have been found?
17
What does it mean to say that there is differential distribution of opioid receptors in the brain
there are some parts of the brain that have a higher density of these receptors
Which side of the synapse are opioid receptors
they can be found on both depending on which interaction between neutrons you are looking at
How do opioids exert their effect on their receptors
they bind to the receptor which blocks other neurotransmitters from binding to their receptors
What 6 brain regions will you find Mu receptors
The thalamus, striatum, spinal cord, periaqueductal grey, brainstem nuclei and nucleus accumbens
What are two main effects of opioids binding to Mu Opioid receptors
analgesic effects and altered respiration
What are 5 brain regions you will find Kappa Opioid receptors
Basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey and deep cerebral cortex.
In terms of opioid receptors which receptor(s) are the gas and which receptor(s) are the breaks?
Mu is the gas and Kappa is the main break and delta is also a milder break
What two effects of Mu are antagonized by the binding of opioid on Kappa receptors
the analgesic effects and the respiratory depression
What additional effect can binding on a Kappa receptor lead to
dysphoria
What three brain regions would you find delta receptors?
Nucleus accumbens, limbic system and spinal cord
What are the effects of opioid binding to a Delta receptor (3)
Effects emotional states, modulates the activity of mu receptors and relatively poor analgesic effects.
What opioid receptor is the main driving force for the analgesic effects seen when opiates are taken?
Mu
What are the 4 types of opioid receptor actions? (antagonists versus agonists)
Pure agonists, pure antagonists, mixed agonist-antagonist and partial agonists
What is a pure agonist opioid receptor- drug relationship and what is an example of a drug that facilitates this action
There is strong binding of drug to receptor. Morphine is a pure agonist on the Mu receptors
What is a pure antagonist opioid receptor-drug relationship and what is an example of a drug that facilitates this action?
It is something that blocks the receptor with no activity. An example of this is Naltrexone because it binds to the Mu receptor without giving any pain relieving effects
What is a mixed agonist-antagonist opioid receptor-drug relationship and what is an example of a drug that facilitates this action
These are opioids that are an agonist at one receptor while being an antagonist at another receptor. An example of this is pentazocine.
What is a partial agonist opioid receptor - drug relationship and what is an example of a drug that facilitates this action
When a drug binds to the receptor but is not a great fit. It has low intrinsic activity. An example of this is buprenorphine.
How much percent does morphine account for of the extracted liquid from an opium plant
10%
What is the gold standard pain analgesic that is still the most effective today?
Morphine
How is morphine administered
IV usually into the spinal cord. Or it can be taken orally or rectally.
Why is morphine usually injected
it does not pass the blood brain barrier very well.
How much of morphine reaches the central nervous system
20%
What is the therapeutic index for morphine like?
It is very narrow/small
What is the dosage of morphine in pills like? Why?
The dosage of morphine pills jumps vastly because patients develop tolerance very quickly. This is why it can be so addictive.
Where is the active metabolite of morphine produced
liver
How much more potent is the metabolite of morphine than morphine
10-20x
What is the half life of morphine
3-5 hours.
What is the active metabolite of morphine called?
Morphine-6-glucuronide.
What receptors does morphine-6-glucuronide bind to
the same receptors as morphine itself. Mu, Kappa and Delta
Describe the action of morphine in the reward pathway
It inhibits GABA in the reward pathway which ends up increases the total amount of dopamine.
What are 8 pharmacological effects of morphine
Analgesia, euphoria, sedation/anxiolysis, sense of tranquility, respirator depression, suppression of the cough reflex, GI symptoms (constipation) and pupillary constriction
What are 5 symptoms of morphine withdrawal
Restlessness, dysphoria, anxiety, insomnia, and diarrhea
What is RAAD
it is rapid anesthesia-aided detoxification to help withdrawal from morphine where the patient is given a pure opioid antagonist (naloxone) and a sympathetic blocker (clonidine)
Besides RAAD what is an alternative to help patients experiencing morphine withdrawal
patient will remain in anesthesia to sleep through the worse of their withdrawal symptoms and then will be given naltrexone when awoken.
What is codeine used for?
Mild to moderate pain
How many codeine users meet the criteria for dependence
40%
What enzyme metabolizes codeine into morphine
CYP-2D6
What is the active metabolite of codeine
morphine
What type of drug can block the effectiveness of codeine
An SSRI
How much more potent is heroin than morphine
3x.
How lipid soluble is heroin and what does this mean
it is highly lipid soluble which means in can pass through membrane (including the BBB) easily
What are the two types of oxycodone and what are examples of each
There are short period oxycodones like percodan and long acting like oxycontin
What was oxycontin designed for
it was designed to help people with chronic pain without having the side effects associated with morphine (respiratory depression)
What went awry in oxycontin use
The long acting ones which were supposed to last a week were being crushed a snorted or injected which lead to crazy highs and even death
How much more potent is fentanyl than morphine
80-500 times
Does fentanyl cause respiratory depression?.
Yes
What are the bad areas for opioid related deaths in canada
The west and the north
What was the number 1 street drug 5 years ago?
Oxycontin
When oxycontin’s patent ran out what did they do
they made oxyneo which could not be crushed
How did abusers originally get fentanyl
they would cut open therapeutic patches and sollubolize it so they could inject it.
Where does the oral version of fentanyl come from
China
How much more toxic is fentanyl than morphine
100 times
How much fentanyl does it take to induce a euphoric effect
100-300 micrograms which is less than a grain of salt.
What are the three reasons we eat?
Homeostasis, emotional state and hedonism
What is an example of a hunger stimulating GI peptide
Ghrelin
Where is ghrelin found?
Our stomach and pancreas
Can sleep alter ghrelin levels
yes
What interesting brain region does ghrelin activate when released
a portion of the dopamine reward pathway
What are 3 different adiposity (satiety) signals
leptin, insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
Where is leptin found
adipose tissues- hypothalamus
Where is insulin found and excreted
blood and the pancreas
Where is CCK found
In the small intestine
What two things does leptin have antagonizing effects on?
Neuropeptide Y (Which is a stimulant) and anandamide (also a stimulant).
What does leptin have agonizing effects on
alpha-MSH (which surpasses appetite and stimulates satiety)
What does insulin do
causes cells to take up glucose from the blood. stops the use of fat as energy source by inhibiting the release of glucagon
what is an orexigenic agent
something that makes you eat
What happened in the Jackson Lab experiments
They caused genetic mutations to see what would happen. Ended up making a large mouse and found that it had no leptin. When they gave it leptin it would finally stop eating.
What does the dual-centre hypothesis posit
there are two different regions of the hypothalamus and each regulates opposing action in terms of food consumption and food satiety. The areas are the ventromedial hypothalamus a satiety centre and the lateral hypothalamus is a hunger centre
What are three factors that influence food consumption
Disrupted neurobiology, poor impulse control and environmental factors (access being the biggest component)
When is someone considered obese
when their BMI is 30 or above.
What is obesity
A metabolic state where excess fat accumulates in peripheral tissues including adipose, muscle, and liver.
Are people in the west or east coast of canada slimmer and why
west is slimmer because they have a more active lifestyle generally.
How many canadians are said to have an unhealthy weight
2/3
What brain regions does food consumption activate? What does this mean?
Nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area and amygdala. This hows that food addiction activates the same reward centres as a typical drug addiction
It is said that food addiction is associated with an obsessive compulsive relationship with food… What are the symptoms (5)?
Frequent periods of uncontrollable binges, consume food beyond the point of satiety, feelings of guilt and depression, excessive time and thought devoted to food and preoccupation with body weight
Trigger foods can activate the reward system and release which neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
Why is food like medicine for addicts
Food addicts tend to have lower levels of baseline serotonin and dopamine and eating something that they like will give them a boost of serotonin and dopamine that they need
What are the withdrawal symptoms of food in addicts (6)
Mood swings, agitation, faintness, headaches, dysphoria and hypoglycemia
What are some diagnostic criteria for addiction and how does it relate to food addiction
tolerance- increased consumption of food
Withdrawal- there is dysphoria and other withdrawal symptoms
Investments- time spent eating and costs
Social change- Fear of rejection
What is an example of a drug that was created and modified to have the effect of steroids without being detected in sports
Methandrostenolone or dianabol
What gonads in testosterone secreted from
Ovaries and testes but barely any in ovaries
What does testosterone consist of
Tested, sterol and ketone
Describe the process of testosterone release
hypothalamus releases GRF. Once the pituitary glands detect a certain amount of GRF it releases FSH follicle stimulating hormone and LH the luteinizing hormone. This releases activates two structures testicles which are the seminiferous tubules which releases sperm and sperm containing substances and the leading cells which release testosterone
When you take testosterone what happens to the normal system of testosterone release
Blocks all natural testosterone and the whole system that results in release of leydig cells
Why do testes shrink in people who use steroids
They aren’t producing endogenous testosterone and it isn’t needed
When are the shrunken testes from steroid use reversible when are they not
Non reversible anytime after 12 weeks of continuous use on average
What are the 6 main effects of excessive steroid use
Blocks regular testosterone release, reduce spermatogenesis, decrease male fertility, increase muscle mass, more masculine appearance, and more aggression
What are the 4 anabolic effects of steroid use
Increased protein synthesis, increased appetite, bone remodeling and growth, increase production of red blood cells
What are 5 androgenic effects of steroids
Increased hair growth, increased vocal chord size, increased libido, growth of clitoris, increased breast size in men
What five things can happen when you take supratherapeutic doses of steroids
Increased tonic and burst of muscle, better strength and endurance, hypogonadal state, lower high lipoproteins and increases low density lipoproteins, increased the risk of liver disorders
What are 4 therapeutic uses for steroids
TS replacement for hypogonadism, certain blood anemia, muscle loss after trauma, muscle loss due to disease
What is the active metabolite of steroids
Androstanolone
What are some withdrawal symptoms from steroids
Fatigue, loss of appetite, decreased libido, suicidal ideation, insomnia
What are three phases of gambling in the compulsive gambling decline
Winning, losing, desperation
What are the three phases of gambling in the recovery from compulsive gambling
Critical phase, rebuilding phase, growth phase
What neurotransmitters do gamblers tend to have a lower baseline level of
Norepinephrine and serotonin
What’s the problem with the south oaks gambling screen
Over estimates false positives
What is the focus of the Canadian problem gambling index
Harm and consequences of gambling
Why would you use medication to treat gambling addiction
A lot of addicts have combined psychiatric disorders
What are methods of psychotherapy used to treat gambling addiction and why are they better then meds
Counselling, step by step programs and peer support groups. They are better because they foster self awareness
Why would rates of sex addiction be off?
Low self report, social and cultural views on discussing sexual behaviours, is it really bad?, our inability to define normal and abnormal
What are the three compulsive components of sex addiction
Compulsivity, continuation despite consequences, obsession
What are some mental issues associated with sex addiction
Bi polar disorder, narcissistic personality disorder and OCD
What are the four components of the behaviour cycle of sex addicts
Preoccupation, ritualization, compulsive sexual behaviours, despair
What are 4 components of Patrick cranes sexual addiction screening
It is a secret, it is abusive or degrading to you or others, it is used to avoid painful feelings, it is not part of a caring committed relationship
What are 4 potential causes for sex addiction
Trauma, impaired neuro chemistry, developmental impairments, early life exposure to sexual experiences
