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Archeology > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the category of Discard with the deposition stage.

A

Artifacts that are no longer useful and are placed into the AC.

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2
Q

The goal of excavation is to intercept and isolate _________ and ________ _________.

A

floors and occupational surfaces

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3
Q

What is disturbance in the deposition stage?

A

The changing or altering of an archaeological context by the effect(s) of an unrelated activity at a later time. Examples include dam building, farming, and heavy construction, as well as noncultural activities such as freeze-thaw cycles, landslides, and simple erosion. Disturbance is also the nonscientific removal of an artifact from its archaeological context.

ex: agriculture and plowing

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4
Q

What is washing material to find artifacts?

A

Wet screen

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5
Q

A ________ is the starting point on a grid.

A

Datum

Dr. Widmer likes to start away from the origin (0,0) to handle data errors and other stuff like that.

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6
Q

Define Heavy floatation

A

soil that sinks to the bottom of the water. A 1 mm mesh is used to strain out artifacts.

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7
Q

Define the Cache category of deposition.

A

Useful artifacts are placed into the AC.

ex: time capsule, offerings

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8
Q

What is Magnetometry within remote sensing?

A

Use of a large-scale metal detector. Can be used on land or water.

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9
Q

What is midden?

A

area of Secondary Refuse

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10
Q

What does it mean when an artifact is in the Archeological Context?

A

The artifact is no longer associated with ongoing behavior.

“forgotten about”

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11
Q

Fill does not have ______________.

A

multiple levels

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12
Q

A _____ is when there is a change in color, smell, sound, or presents artifacts occurs within a zone.

A

Layer

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13
Q

What are isotopes?

A

atoms that are varied in atomic weight. Usually used for bones

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14
Q

What is Sub Surface Sampling?

A

Small excavations that are dug into the ground to find artifacts. ex: Post hole excavations

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15
Q

_______ are inside structures.

A

Rooms

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16
Q

Which deposit type is least important?

A

Fill

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17
Q

What is Sonar within remote sensing?

A

Sound waves that are bounced off bottom water to look for shipwrecks and sunken artifacts.

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18
Q

What are phytoliths?

A

plant skeleton parts

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19
Q

What is the Secondary Use category of the Reuse stage?

A

The artifact is the same but the function changes.

ex: tire swing

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20
Q

What is Lidar within remote sensing?

A

Light pulses

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21
Q

What does it mean when an artifact is in situ?

A

The artifact is in its original location and has never been moved since it was put into the archeological context.

Can be used with point provenience.

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22
Q

Describe Reclamation with the deposition stage.

A

Artifacts are removed from the AC and put back into the systemic context. Deals with deposition but not a part of the deposition.

ex: lab / museum

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23
Q

Define the systemic context of manufacture and give examples?

A

Artifacts created from _new_ material

The second stage of behavioral processes, in which raw materials are modified to produce artifacts

ex: creating hides for clothing

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24
Q

Define the systemic context of deposition and give examples

A

The placing artifacts into the archeological context.

The process by which artifacts enter the archeological context.

“forgot about” or “lost”

ex: Burial, Garbage Dump

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25
Q

Define the Loss category of Deposition.

A

Useful artifacts are unintentionally placed in the AC.

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26
Q

What is the process of removing sediments from artifacts known as?

A

Excavation

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27
Q

What is stratification?

A

The layering of natural sediments at a site.

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28
Q

What is a provenience lot?

A

A defined spatial area, in either two dimensions (for surface data) or three dimensions (for excavated data), used as a minimal unit for provenience determination and recording.

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29
Q

Define the systemic context of procurement and give examples?

A

obtaining the raw materials for the artifact

ex: collecting of plant foods

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30
Q

Name 5 Deposit Types.

A
  1. Burial
  2. Feature
  3. Collapse
  4. Fill
  5. In situ soil
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31
Q

What is Ground Penetrating Radar within remote sensing?

A

Uses radio waves to penetrate the ground and bounce back to form images

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32
Q

What is the Vertical Datum?

A

An imaginary number for elevation that is used as a reference. does not have to be correct. Keeps the elevation in sync within the grid.

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33
Q

Each layer that has artifacts is called a _____.

A

lot

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34
Q

What is the most important info in an archeologist’s journal?

A

The reference point for the grid?

35
Q

What is the purpose of stratigraphy?

A

To find deposit types

36
Q

What is bulk provenience?

A

General provenience, general spatial location of artifacts

37
Q

Which feature does an archeologist look for first: walls or floors?

A

Walls

38
Q

What are the 5 stages of the systemic context (life history of an artifact)?

A
  1. Procurement
  2. Manufacture
  3. Use
  4. Reuse/Maintenance
  5. Desposition
39
Q

What is Electrical Resistivity within remote sensing?

A

Checking the density of the ground

40
Q

What is de facto refuse?

A

Artifacts left behind when a settlement or activity area is abandoned​

41
Q

A _____ is a vertical wall, section, or face of an excavation pit that exposes the lateral relationships, archaeological features, structures, stratigraphy – and their relationships. By extension, a profile is a record or graphic representation of these, including color, soil type, features, and content. Soil profiles consist of a number of layers, or horizons, which result from soil-forming processes.

A

profile

42
Q

What is Abandonment within the deposition stage?

A

Useful artifacts are left in the AC when the owners leave the site/dwelling.

ex: de facto refuse, Ghost town

43
Q

What is any recognizable layer the can be both stratigraphy and/or stratification called?

A

Zone

44
Q

Define the systemic context of reuse and give examples

A

Any human behavior that recycles and reuses artifacts before the artifact enters an archaeological context

ex: chips of stone / broken tools caused by items being remade into different items

45
Q

What is floatation?

A

A specialized artifact recovery technique that uses soil in water and charcoal will float to the top (Light Fracture of Floatation LFF).

46
Q

What is provenience?

A

Location of artifacts at a site

47
Q

What is a collapse deposit type?

A

material that forms rubble and is good for recreating walls

48
Q

When is the best time to stop excavating?

A

when you hit water or bedrock

49
Q

A ______ _____ _____ is a small excavation off-site but near that can determine the stratification of the site area

A

Control test pit

50
Q

Name some types of Remote Sensing.

A
  1. Aerial Photography
  2. Multispectral Scanning
  3. Magnetometry
  4. Electrical Resistivity
  5. Ground Penetrating Radar
  6. Sonar
  7. Lidar (UH)
  8. Historical sources
  9. Sub Surface Sampling
51
Q

A number of contiguous squares are also known as:

A

excavation units/squares

52
Q

Name the 3 types of proveniences.

A
  1. Bulk (general)
  2. Point
  3. Feature
53
Q

What are the two types of discard?

A
  1. Primary Refuse: artifacts that are discarded in their place of use.
  2. Secondary Refuse: Artifacts are discarded in the place other than where they are used and will loss spatial relation. ex: land fill
54
Q

What is the Conservatory Process of the Reuse stage?

A

Artifacts are kept in the systemic context long beyond their typical use life.

ex: collectibles in a museum, antiques

55
Q

What is Lateral Cycling of the Reuse stage?

A

Use of the artifact is the same but with a different owner.

ex: resale shop

56
Q

Give examples of Historical Sources used in remote sensing.

A
  1. Old maps
  2. Old place names (on maps, in books)
  3. Oral Information
57
Q

On the grid system which corner is used as a reference for a grid unit?

A

South-West

58
Q

Define: Systemic Context

A

Stages of the Life History of an Artifact

A living behavioral system wherein artifacts are part of the ongoing system of procurement, manufacture, use/maintenance, reuse, and discard.

59
Q

What are the 4 types of Reuse?

A
  1. Recycling
  2. Secondary Use
  3. Conservatory Process
  4. Lateral Cycling
60
Q

What are the 7 types of Deposition?

A
  1. Burial
  2. Cache
  3. Loss
  4. Discard
  5. Abandonment
  6. Reclaimation
  7. Disturbance
61
Q

What are two types of Vertical Provenience?

A
  1. Stratigraphy
  2. Stratification
62
Q

Define the systemic context of use and give examples?

A

An artifact was being used actively while left in provenience.

ex: arrowhead left on the ground while hunting

63
Q

Describe the Burial category of deposition.

A

Placement of humans into the archeological context.

64
Q

What is Multispectral Scanning within remote sensing?

A
  1. Done with satellites
  2. “sees” invisible energy
65
Q

What is remote sensing?

A

The nondestructive techniques used in geophysical prospecting and to generate archaeological data without excavation.

66
Q

What is the difference between reclamation and restore?

A

Restore never goes into AC

67
Q

What are the characteristics of a Floor?

A
  1. Floors are a part of culture
  2. Flat and level (can be walls or real floors)
  3. Has artifacts
68
Q

What is a feature?

A

Artifacts or groups of artifacts that are thought to have important spatial behavior/information and are kept grouped separately from general provenience

69
Q

What is Point Provenience?

A

Exact 3-dimensional location of artifacts at a site.

70
Q

What are levels?

A

Arbitrary layers within zones.

71
Q

The elevation is measured per _____ not according to the site.

A

zone

72
Q

What is Stratigraphy?

A

The layering of artifacts(cultural) at a site.

73
Q

What is the best way tell a floor from a roof?

A

roofs have water erosion /pockmarks

74
Q

What is a block excavation?

A

It is an area of contiguous 2X2 units.

75
Q

Define the Recycling stage of Reuse.

A

Artifacts are made into a new artifact.

76
Q

What is a type of material brought into the site and is always out of context?

A

Fill

77
Q

Sacred sites at Copan do not have __________.

A

direct external outside access

78
Q

What type of tool does Dr. Widmer not like and why?

A

Trowel. makes the ground rough.

79
Q

Which 2 types of deposition are considered effect deposition?

A
  1. Reclamation
  2. Disturbance
80
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83
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84
Q
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Archeology (2 decks)

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