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Plant Science > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Monocots

A
  • 1 cotyledon
  • usually herbaceous
  • parallel veins in leaves
  • scattered vascular bundles
  • fibrous root system
  • hypogeal germination
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2
Q

Dicots

A
  • 2 cotyledons
  • herbaceous/woody
  • netted veins in leaves
  • vascular bundles in ring
  • taproot system
  • epigeal germination
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3
Q

epidermis

A

outer, protective cell layer on stems/leaves

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4
Q

waxy cuticle

A

helps retain water

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5
Q

stomata

A

allows co2 in and O2 out

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6
Q

vascular

A

conducting tissue

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7
Q

xylem

A

water and nutrients through the plant

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8
Q

phloem

A

sucrose - FOOD

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9
Q

ground tissue

A

composes bulk of the plant- pith and cortex

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10
Q

meristems

A

areas of actively dividing cells

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11
Q

apical

A

responsible for growth at tip of shoot or root

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12
Q

intercalary

A

in grasses, responsible for growth of stem internodes and leaves

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13
Q

axillary

A

responsible for development of buds for branches or flowers

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14
Q

roots

A
  • anchor the shoot in soil
  • support upright growth of stems
  • absorb minerals and water
  • provide storage of energy reserves
  • taproot or fibrous
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15
Q

stems

A
  • primary supporting structure
  • conduit for movement of water, nutrients, and photosynthesis products
  • also conduct photosynthesis and store energy
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16
Q

modified stems

A

rhizomes- underground

stolons- soil surface

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17
Q

leaves

A
  • main site for photosynthesis and transpiration
  • monocots - sheath, blade, and collar
  • dicots - blade and petiole/simple or compound
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18
Q

flowers

A
  • modified leaves
  • stamen, pistil, petal, and sepal
  • complete or incomplete
  • perfect or imperfect
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19
Q

inflorescences

A
  • arrangement of flowers
  • spike- main stalk - wheat, barley, rye
  • panicle- branched pattern (monocots) - sorghum, rice
  • raceme- branched pattern (dicots) - soybean, alfalfa
  • umbel- pedicels form single location - onion, parsley
  • head- disk (develop seed) and ray (attract insects) flowers -sunflower, dandelion
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20
Q

fruit

A

ripened or mature ovary containing the seed or seeds

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21
Q

seeds

A

mature, fertilized ovules or eggs within the ovary

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22
Q

seed germination

A

dormancy must be broken

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23
Q

epigeal

A

cotyledons above surface

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24
Q

hypogeal

A

cotyledons remain below surface

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25
Q

photosynthesis

A
  • process in which energy from sunlight is converted to chemical energy
  • takes places in the chloroplast
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26
Q

chemical reaction of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H20 + sunlight —> C6H1206 + 6H20

27
Q

light reactions

A
  • 1st part of photosynthesis
  • only ones actually requiring light
  • photons strike and set off chain reactions
  • produces ATP and NADPH
28
Q

carbon fixation

A
  • CO2 diffuses through stomata into chloroplast
  • NADPH and ATP power reduction of CO2 to simple sugars
  • want ribisco to catch carbon
29
Q

CAM

A
  • uses the C4 pathway at night and C3 pathway in the day

- adapted to hot temps

30
Q

C4

A
  • uses C4 and C3 pathways

- adapted to hot temps

31
Q

C3

A
  • no distinct bundle sheath
  • rubisco
  • photorespiration
  • wheat, cotton, peanut, alfalfa, potato
32
Q

C4

A
  • bundle sheath cells
  • PEP carboxylase + rubisco
  • corn, sorghum, millet, switchgrass, big bluestem
  • most effecient
33
Q

Respiration

A
  • conversion of sugars from photosynthesis to energy for use in metabolism
  • occurs in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria
  • C6H1206 + 6CO2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
34
Q

Transpiration

A
  • process of water loss from stomata
  • cooling of the plant
  • movement of nutrients within the plants
  • nutrient uptake
35
Q

evapotranspiration

A

-total water use by a plant

36
Q

symbiotic nitrogen fixation

A
  • process that makes atmospheric nitrogen available to plants
  • common trait for legumes
  • symbiotic relationship: legumes & bacteria
37
Q

photoperiodism

A
  • reaction of plants to changing lengths of the days
  • involves the pigment phytochrome that sense changes in red and far red light
  • changes everyday
38
Q

flowering response

A
  • short day plants: spring or fall-flowering (corn, soybean, rice, peanut)
  • long day plants: spring or summer flowering (wheat, flax, canola, alfalfa, sugar beet)
  • day neutral: based on age or amount of growth (petunia, cucumbers, tomatoes, tobacco)
39
Q

vernalization

A

the cold period certain plants must go under to trigger flowering

40
Q

growth

A

irreversible increase in weight or size due to increase join number and size of cells

41
Q

development

A

when plants transition from germination, seedling, vegetative, flowering, and seed

42
Q

annual

A

complete life cycle in one year or one growing season

43
Q

biennial

A

complete life cycle in two growing seasons

44
Q

perennial

A

persist for three or more years or growing seasons

45
Q

pseudo-annual

A

perennial and biennial plants managed as annuals

46
Q

ag biotechnology

A

scientific techniques used to create or transform plants

47
Q

repro in plants

A
  • via seeds
  • sexually reproducing plants are either self or cross pollinated or mix
  • mode of reproduction of crops determines breeding methods
48
Q

basic genetics

A
  • cell nucleus contains chromosomes that control inheritance
  • chromosomes made up of DNA
  • chromosomes occur in pairs
  • alleles and genes
49
Q

genotype

A

total genetic makeup

50
Q

phenotype

A
  • due to genotype, environment and their interaction

- physical appearance

51
Q

heritability

A

proportion of phenotype controlled by genetic factors

52
Q

qualitative traits

A

discrete, controlled by one or few genes

53
Q

quantitative traits

A

more complex, controlled by several genes

54
Q

yield complex quantitative trait

A

selection for disease and insect resistance, competitiveness, and drought tolerance

55
Q

quality traits

A

starch fermentation characteristics or forage digestibility

56
Q

harvestability

A

specific crop modifications to reduce loss

57
Q

persistance

A

enhanced survivability over the long term

58
Q

self-pollinated plants

A
  • usually homozygous

- common methods of breeding include pedigree selection or mass selection

59
Q

cross-pollinated plants

A
  • heterozygous
  • can use mass selection
  • hybridization most commonly used
60
Q

genetic engineering

A
  • uses gene transformation to transfer genes of interest
  • transfer occurs via bacterium or gene gun
  • used for qualitative traits like herbicide and disease resistance
61
Q

GMOs - GOOD

A
  • biological pest resistance (bt corn)
  • herbicide tolerance (roundup)
  • adaptation to environmental stresses (salts)
  • desirable functional characteristics (shelf life)
  • desirable nutritional characteristics (golden rice)
62
Q

GMOs - BAD

A
  • overall safety unsure
  • long term impact on human health unknown
  • outcross with weedy relatives
  • unintended effects on non-target organisms
  • pests may develop resistance to technology
  • economic and religious issues
63
Q

traditional breeding

A
  • years to release variety
  • transfers many genes
  • uses only genes of same or related species
  • not prohibited
64
Q

genetic engineering

A
  • faster release of varieties
  • transfers few genes of interest
  • can use genes from any species
  • prohibited in some countries

Plant Science (1 decks)

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