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test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

fractures of the orbit can cause intraorbital bleeding. the pressure causes protrusion of the eyeball

A

exophthalmos

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2
Q

paralysis of levator palpebrae superioris, causes superior eyelid to droop (ptosis)

A

lesion of CN III

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3
Q

where can a Tumor in middle cranial fossa travel?

A

Enter orbital cavity through superior orbital fissure

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4
Q

damage to CN VII

A

paralysis of orbicularis oculi

prevents eyelids from closing fully

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5
Q

Ducts of ciliary glands become obstructed

A

red pus producing sty on eyelid

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6
Q

Chalazia

A

cyst of sebaceous glands of the eyelids

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7
Q

seepage of fluid b/w neural and pigmented layers of retina

A

detached retinal

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8
Q

how does a detached retina effect vision

A

Straight lines will look wavy/crooked

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9
Q

Increase in Cerebral Spinal Fluid slows venous return from the retina and causes edema of retina

A

Papilledema

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10
Q

lenses become harder and flatter with age

A

presbyopia

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11
Q

cataracts

A

cloudiness/loss of transparency of lens from areas of opaqueness

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12
Q

Outflow of aqueous humor slower than aqueous is produced causing retinal compression

A

glaucoma

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13
Q

Sensory damage to CN V1

A

loss of sensory feeling can damage corneal damage eventually needing transplant

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14
Q

no corneal reflex are indicative of lesions on which CN?

A

lesion of CN V1 and CN VII

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15
Q

Sign of compression of the CN III

A

ipsilateral slowness of the pupillary light reflex

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16
Q

Eyelid can not be raised
Pupil dilated and nonreactive due to unopposed dilator pupillae
Down and out (abducted and depressed) due to unopposed LR6 SO4

A

symptoms of Oculomotor Nerve Palsy

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17
Q

Anesthetizes auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, lingual, and buccal branches of mandibular nerve

A

Mandibular nerve block

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18
Q

All mandibular teeth are anesthetized, skin and mucous of lower lip, labial alveolar mucosa and gingiva and skin of chin as well since they are supplied by mental branch of this nerve

A

Inferior alveolar nerve block

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19
Q

head of mandible can dislocate anteriorly by passing anterior to the articular tubercles now unable to close mouth

A

Dislocation of Temporomandibular Joint

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20
Q

Malignant tumors of the posterior part of the tongue metastasize which lymph nodes

A

superior deep cervical lymph nodes

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21
Q

paralysis of this muscle causes complete relaxation of the tongue causing posterior shift which can cause suffocation

A

Paralysis of Genioglossus

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22
Q

Trauma to the hypoglossal nerve results in

A

paralysis and atrophy of one side of the tongue. Protrusion of the tongue will fall to paralyzed side.

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23
Q

Nerves involved in Gag Reflex

A

CN 9 (afferent and muscle) CN 10 (muscle contraction)

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24
Q

Epistaxis (nosebleed)

A

most cases due to trauma
comes from anterior third of nose (Kiesselbach)
are also associated with infections and hypertension

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25
Q

Deviation of nasal septum

A

may result from birth injury, or trauma during adolescence and adulthood

  • in severe cases, the nasal septum contacts the lateral wall of nasal cavity
  • obstructs breathing, exacerbates snoring
  • corrected by surgery
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26
Q

Rhinitis

A

nasal mucosa is swollen and inflamed in severe upper resp. infections & allergic reactions

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27
Q

wryneck

A

Congenital torticollis, fibrous tissue tumor forms on SCM before or after birth

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28
Q

Muscular torticollis

A

head pull during birth tears fibers in SCM forming a hematoma
fibrous mass that forms traps CN XI denervation of the SCM

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29
Q

adulthood, abnormal tonicity, most commonly involves the SCM and trapezius

A

Spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia

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30
Q

Central line placement

A

R/L subclavian vein

31
Q

External Jugular Vein

A

Internal Barometer, Protrusion of EJV signals heart Failure (Right EJV), distension, or obstruction of SVC, enlarged supraclavicular LN, or increased intrathoratic pressure.

32
Q

Uncommon, drooping of shoulder, unable to elevate the shoulder

A

Lesions of CN XI Accessory nerve

33
Q

Severance of the Phrenic nerve results in

A

paralysis of corresponding half of diaphragm. A nerve block in lung operation, trauma, surgery will cause temporary paralysis. Used in treatment of hiccups

34
Q

anesthetic is injected on posterior edge of SCM for surgical procedures of neck or upper limb

A

Cervical plexus block

35
Q

For anesthesia of upper limb inserted superior to midpoint of clavicle

A

Supraclavicular brachial plexus block

36
Q

External Carotid artery ligation

A

Control bleeding from an inaccessible branch

Descending occipital artery provides main collateral circulation and joins vertebral and deep cervical arteries.

37
Q

Thickening of intima of internal carotid artery

A

Atherosclerosis of the artery resulting in stenosis and decreased blood flow. This can cause TIA or stroke

38
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

removes the plaque relieving the stenosis

39
Q

What nerves can be injured during surgery of the internal carotid artery

A

CN- IX, X (OR SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL), XI, XII

40
Q

Internal jugular artery

A

pulsation visible in Trendelenburg position

41
Q

Increased internal jugular pulse is caused by

A

mitral valve disease which increases pressure in the right side of the heart and pulmonary circulation

42
Q

relieves vascular spasm of brain and upper limb, surgery for patient with excessive vasoconstriction of ipsilateral limb

A

Cervico-thoracic ganglion block

43
Q

Horner syndrome

A

(lesion of the cervical sympathetic trunk)

44
Q

Horner syndrome symptoms

A

• Results in Pupillary constriction
• Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
• Enophthalmos (sinking in of eyeball)
vasodilation and anhidrosis- absence of sweating on face and neck, caused by lack of sympathetic nerve supply to blood vessels and sweat glands

45
Q

vasodilation and anhidrosis- absence of sweating on face and neck, caused by

A

lack of sympathetic nerve supply to blood vessels and sweat glands

46
Q

Tetany

A

is a sever convulsive disorder that occurs when the parathyroid is accidentally removed during surgery.

47
Q

treatment for Tetany

A

Needs calcium replacement

48
Q

Subtotal thyroidectomy

A

most posterior part of thyroid is preserved. usually prevents removal of parathyroid

49
Q

paralysis of vocal fold causing no adduction for phonation, or abduction for increased respiration causing stridor ( high pitch noisy respiration)

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve injury

50
Q

monotonous voice

A

injury to superior laryngeal nerve

51
Q

Fractures of laryngeal skeleton

A

sub mucous hemorrhage, edema, respiratory obstruction, hoarseness, no speech

52
Q

foreign body aspiration

A

trapped superior to vestibular folds, rima glottidis close, no air in, asphyxiation in 5 min if no intervention

53
Q

tracheostomy

A

Upper airway obstruction, respiratory failure

1-2 or 2-4 tracheal rings, transverse incision

54
Q

Radical neck dissection

A
  1. Usually done to remove cancer
  2. deep cervical lymph nodes and tissue removed
  3. cervical sentinel lymph nodes are often enlarged as first clue to cancer
  4. cutaneous branches of cervical plexus removed
55
Q

Adenoiditis

A
  1. Inflammation of pharyngeal tonsils
    Causes obstruction of airways, nasal obstruction, hearing due to blockage of pharyngotympanic membrane, also infection can spread to middle ear- otitis media
56
Q

Tonsillectomy

A

removal of palantine tonsil

Surgeon needs to be careful of bleeding due to location of CN IX, internal carotid artery. and external palantine vein

57
Q

Zones of Penetrating Trauma

A

Zone 1,2,3. Zones 1 and 3 have increased risk of mortality, zone 2 easier to treat.

58
Q

Zone 1

A

Clavicles and manubrium to inferior cricoid cartilage

59
Q

zone 2

A

Cricoid cartilage to angle of mandible

60
Q

zone 3

A

angle of mandible up to top of head

61
Q

Emmetropia

A

Normal eyesight.
Far images are in focus without lens accommodation. (relaxed ciliary muscles)
Near images are in focus with lens accommodation (flexed ciliary muscles)

62
Q

myopia

A

Near sighted
Far images are in front of retina without accommodation (looks blurry)
Near images are in focus without accommodation
Need concave lens to focus far image on retina
Eyeball long or lens is too strong

63
Q

hyperopia

A

Far sighted
Far images are focused on retina with accommodation
Near images are blurring with accommodation (focused behind retina)
Need convex lenses to focus near image
Eyeball is short or weak lens

64
Q

Diplopia, treatment and causes

A

double vision
1st they put a prism onto of the lens step. After adapted they will merge the prism with the glass
usually caused by unsynchronized muscle contraction

65
Q

astygmatism

A

Misshapen lens causes multiple focal points for light
measured in degrees
blurry vision

66
Q

Ethmoidal Cells Infection

A

infection can cause fracture to the fragile medial wall of the orbit
close to optic canal causing blindness
optic neuritis inflammation of optic nerve

67
Q

Pansinitus

A

Multiple sinuses are inflamed due to infection

68
Q

Most commonly infected sinus due to small ostia

A

Maxillary sinus

69
Q

Causes of blockage to maxillary ostia

A

mucous membrane congestion
high location on medial wall makes it impossible to drain until full
Medially located ostia requires rolling to opposite side to drain
Close to molars, concern during teeth extraction

70
Q

Acute otitis externa

A

inflammation of external acoustic meatus due to bacterial infection
causes itching and pain, which increases by pulling on tragus
commonly called swimmers ear

71
Q

Otitis Media

A

earache, bulging tympanic membrane due to pus or fluid in middle ear.
Leads to blockage of pharyngotympanic tube
Ear popping
Amber colored blood fluid
Lead to scaring of auditory vesicles

72
Q

Myringotomy

A

incision to release pus from middle ear abscess

incision is made postero-inferiorly through the tympanic membrane because the superior is so vascularized

73
Q

Tympano Stome/ Pressure equalization (PE) tube

A

enables drainage and equalizes pressure from chronic middle ear infections

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