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Intro to Public health > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What should you ask after an epidemic is detected? (3 things)

A

Who is getting the disease?
When/Where is the disease occurring?
Why may the disease be happening?

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2
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations.

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3
Q

Scientific Process

A
  1. ) Generate an idea (observation)
  2. ) Develop a hypothesis
  3. ) Test a hypothesis (using good scientific methods)
  4. ) Develop a theory…test the theory
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4
Q

Prevalence Rate

A

current cases/population….how many people have a disease at a certain time

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5
Q

Incidence Rate

A

new cases/population/time frame….how many people are getting a disease in a certain time period

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6
Q

Common infectious diseases that kill quickly

A

high incidence, low prevalence

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7
Q

common infectious diseases that don’t kill but disable

A

high incidence, high prevalence

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8
Q

rare diseases that kill quick

A

low prevalence, low incidence

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9
Q

rare diseases that don’t kill but disable

A

low incidence, high prevalence

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10
Q

Present to future

A

Prospective study (longitudinal)

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11
Q

Looking to past to predict current

A

Retrospective (longitudinal)

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12
Q

Observational process used to generate hypothesis

A

“Descriptive” Epidemiological studies

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13
Q

Experimental process to test hypothesis

A

“Formal” Epidemiological studies

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14
Q

What is used to generate a hypothesis?

A

Observational processes

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15
Q

Describing what’s out there

A

Descriptive (form of observational)

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16
Q

Determines what came first (order of events)

A

Longitudinal study

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17
Q

Has a timetable

A

Longitudinal

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18
Q

No timetable

A

Cross-sectional

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19
Q

Does cross-sectional or longitudinal have more bias?

A

Cross sectional has more bias

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20
Q

Does cross-sectional allow us to determine cause and effect?

A

No

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21
Q

Is cross-sectional easy to preform

A

Yes

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22
Q

Group followed over a period of time

A

Cohort study (longitudinal)

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23
Q

Is a cohort study prospective or retrospective

A

Prospective

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24
Q

Most biased?

A

Cross-sectional

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25
Q

Who selects the level of exposure in cohort studies?

A

The subjects

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26
Q

Looking back to see what caused a disease

A

Case-control studies

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27
Q

What are case-control studies good with?

A

Rare diseases

28
Q

Is case control retrospective or prospective?

A

Retrospective

29
Q

Odds ratio used for…

A

Case-control studies

30
Q

Relative Risk used for….

A

Cohort studies

31
Q

Who picks the level of exposure for case-control studies?

A

The subjects

32
Q

Bias associated with Randomized Control Trial

A

Dropout Bias

33
Q

Bias associated with Cohort

A

Selection bias (those that perform issue of interest may perform other issues)

34
Q

Bias associated with Case-Control

A

Selection and Recall bias

35
Q

What is random error (pure chance) associated with?

A

Chronic diseases and small sample sizes

36
Q

When true cause and effect is missed

A

False negative

37
Q

When there is thought to be a relationship, but there is none

A

False positive

38
Q

P-value

A

the probability that the observed result could happen by chance alone

39
Q

p=.60 means?

A

60% chance of error

40
Q

what is p-value influenced by?

A

quality of research data and if there is a true “cause and effect”

41
Q

a>p

A

Statistically significant

42
Q

a<p></p>

A

NOT statistically significant

43
Q

Small p-value usually means…

A

Statistically significant

44
Q

What is power?

A

probability of finding an effect if a true cause and effect does exist

45
Q

How to increase power?

A

Increase sample size and have more accurate measures

46
Q

Definitely know if it is a case, but some may be missed

A

Specific test

47
Q

Definitely identify all positive cases, but some extras

A

Sensitive test

48
Q

Increasing sensitivity will do what?

A

Decrease false negatives

49
Q

Increasing specificity will do what?

A

Decrease false positives

50
Q

What does a 95% CI mean?

A

95% confident predicted # is in the range

51
Q

What is used to compare two continuous variables in 1 group?

A

Correlation (r=%related)

52
Q

What is used to compare one continuous variable between 2 groups?

A

T-test

53
Q

What is used to compare one continuous variable between multiple groups?

A

ANOVA

54
Q

What is used to compare one categorical variable between 2 groups?

A

Chi-Square

55
Q

What is used to compare multiple variables to a single continuous variable?

A

Multiple regression

56
Q

What is used to compare multiple variables to a single categorical variable?

A

Logistic regression

57
Q

Years of life lost from doing a certain behavior

A

Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

58
Q

Allows us to know the health status of our community

A

NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics)

59
Q

Is NHANES (National Health and Nutritional Examination Study) self reported or direct observation?

A

Direct observation of physiological data

60
Q

Is NHIS (National Health Interview Survey) self reported or direct observation?

A

Self reported thru phone survey of about 50,000 people

61
Q

Is the BRFSS (Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System) self reported or direct observation?

A

Self reported

62
Q

What does the YRBS measure

A

behaviors of youth…supervised administration in class

63
Q

What is the MMWR

A

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports. Weekly reports on current health threats/issues

64
Q

Are clinical trial prospective or retrospective?

A

Prospective and rigorous

65
Q

Relative risk compares what?

A

Disease rates (used for cohort studies)

66
Q

Odds ratio compares what?

A

exposure rate (used for case-control studies)

Intro to Public health (1 decks)

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