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PSYCH 110 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the natural stimulus that reflexively produces a response without prior learning

A

unconditioned stimulus

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2
Q

the unlearned, reflexive response

A

unconditioned response

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3
Q

the stimulus that is originally neutral but comes to elicit a reflexive response

A

conditioned stimulus

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4
Q

the learned reflexive response to a previously neutral stimulus

A

conditioned response

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5
Q

the basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response

A

classical conditioning

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6
Q

the gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior

A

extinction

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7
Q

a classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating food

A

taste aversion

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8
Q

Who demonstrated that taste aversions could be produced in rats under controlled conditions?

A

John Garcia

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9
Q

the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses

A

biological preparedness

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10
Q

an extreme, irrational fear of a specific object, animal, or situation

A

phobia

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11
Q

the occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated

A

reinforcement

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12
Q

the presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

A

punishment

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13
Q

the operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed

A

shaping

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14
Q

This man believed that cognitive processes played an important role in the learning of complex behaviors. He thought that maze running rats learned more than a simple sequence of response and developed a cognitive map.

A

Edward Tolman

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15
Q

a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior

A

learned helplessness

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16
Q

Who experimented with learned helplessness?

A

Martin Seligman

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17
Q

learning takes place through observing the actions of others

A

observational learning

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18
Q

He is the psychologist most strongly identified with observational learning. He did the experiment with the Bobo doll.

A

Albert Bandura

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19
Q

neurons that fire both when an action is performed and when the action is simply perceived

A

mirror neurons

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20
Q

refers to the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information

A

memory

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21
Q

Three fundamental processes of memory:

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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22
Q

the active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds

A

short-term memory

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23
Q

refers to the active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information

A

working memory

24
Q

Baddeley’s Model of Woking Memory

A

phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive

25
Q

memory with awareness; information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected

A

explicit memory

26
Q

memory without awareness; information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected

A

implicit memory

27
Q

the process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it

A

retrieval

28
Q

a clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory

A

retrieval cue

29
Q

a memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being temporarily unable to retrieve it

A

tip-of-the tongue experience

30
Q

Who developed the forgetting curve?

A

Herman Ebbinghaus

31
Q

the theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another

A

interference theory

32
Q

forgetting in which old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory

A

proactive interference

33
Q

forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory

A

retroactive memory

34
Q

Who studied the misinformation effect by doing the experiment with the car crash?

A

Elizabeth Loftus

35
Q

a memory-distortion phenomenon in which people’s existing memories can be altered by exposing them to misleading information

A

misinformation effect

36
Q

Who began the search for memory trace?

A

Karl Lashley

37
Q

the hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory

A

memory trace (engram)

38
Q

a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons

A

long-term potentiation

39
Q

severe memory loss

A

amnesia

40
Q

when people are unable to remember some or all of their past, especially episodic memories for recent events

A

retrograde amnesia

41
Q

the inability to form new memories

A

anterograde amnesia

42
Q

Prenatal Development Stages:

A
  • Germinal Period (First two weeks)
  • Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8)
  • Fetal Period
43
Q

During peak periods of brain development, new neurons are being generated at the rate of _______ per minute.

A

250,000

44
Q

the emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver(s), especially his or her parents

A

attachment

45
Q

Who said that attachment relationships serve important functions throughout infancy and life? She did the Strange Situation experiment.

A

Ainsworth

46
Q

Who studied cognitive development?

A

Jean Piaget

47
Q

Piaget’s Four cognitive stages:

A
  • Sensorimotor stage
  • Preoperational stage
  • Concrete operational stage
  • Formal operational stage
48
Q

What happens in the pre operational stage?

A
  • Lasts from ages 2 to 7

- Characterized by increasing use of symbols and prelogical thought processes

49
Q

the biological category of male or female as define by physical differences in genetic composition and in reproductive anatomy and function

A

sex

50
Q

the beliefs and expectations people hold about the typical characteristics, preferences, and behavior of men and women

A

gender-role stereotypes

51
Q

refers to the direction of a person’s emotional and erotic attraction, whether toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes

A

sexual orientation

52
Q

a transgendered person who undergoes surgery and hormone treatments to physically transform his or her body into the opposite sex

A

transsexual

53
Q

How often do people aged 75-85 have sex?

A

more than 2-3 times per month

54
Q

a sexual disorder in which a person engages in a paraphilia that causes distress or harm to that person or to someone who is the target of their paraphilia, to that causes impairment in that person’s life

A

paraphilia disorder

55
Q

any of several forms of nontraditional sexual behavior in which a person’s sexual gratification depends on an unusual sexual experience, object, or fantasy

A

paraphilia

PSYCH 110 (2 decks)

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