Test 2

Question 1

the natural stimulus that reflexively produces a response without prior learning

Answer 1

unconditioned stimulus

Question 2

the unlearned, reflexive response

Answer 2

unconditioned response

Question 3

the stimulus that is originally neutral but comes to elicit a reflexive response

Answer 3

conditioned stimulus

Question 4

the learned reflexive response to a previously neutral stimulus

Answer 4

conditioned response

Question 5

the basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response

Answer 5

classical conditioning

Question 6

the gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior

Answer 6

extinction

Question 7

a classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating food

Answer 7

taste aversion

Question 8

Who demonstrated that taste aversions could be produced in rats under controlled conditions?

Answer 8

John Garcia

Question 9

the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses

Answer 9

biological preparedness

Question 10

an extreme, irrational fear of a specific object, animal, or situation

Answer 10

phobia

Question 11

the occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated

Answer 11

reinforcement

Question 12

the presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

Answer 12

punishment

Question 13

the operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed

Answer 13

shaping

Question 14

This man believed that cognitive processes played an important role in the learning of complex behaviors. He thought that maze running rats learned more than a simple sequence of response and developed a cognitive map.

Answer 14

Edward Tolman

Question 15

a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior

Answer 15

learned helplessness

Question 16

Who experimented with learned helplessness?

Answer 16

Martin Seligman

Question 17

learning takes place through observing the actions of others

Answer 17

observational learning

Question 18

He is the psychologist most strongly identified with observational learning. He did the experiment with the Bobo doll.

Answer 18

Albert Bandura

Question 19

neurons that fire both when an action is performed and when the action is simply perceived

Answer 19

mirror neurons

Question 20

refers to the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information

Answer 20

memory

Question 21

Three fundamental processes of memory:

Answer 21

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 22

the active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds

Answer 22

short-term memory

Question 23

refers to the active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information

Answer 23

working memory

Question 24

Baddeley’s Model of Woking Memory

Answer 24

phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive

Question 25

memory with awareness; information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected

Answer 25

explicit memory

Question 26

memory without awareness; information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected

Answer 26

implicit memory

Question 27

the process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it

Answer 27

retrieval

Question 28

a clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory

Answer 28

retrieval cue

Question 29

a memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being temporarily unable to retrieve it

Answer 29

tip-of-the tongue experience

Question 30

Who developed the forgetting curve?

Answer 30

Herman Ebbinghaus

Question 31

the theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another

Answer 31

interference theory

Question 32

forgetting in which old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory

Answer 32

proactive interference

Question 33

forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory

Answer 33

retroactive memory

Question 34

Who studied the misinformation effect by doing the experiment with the car crash?

Answer 34

Elizabeth Loftus

Question 35

a memory-distortion phenomenon in which people's existing memories can be altered by exposing them to misleading information

Answer 35

misinformation effect

Question 36

Who began the search for memory trace?

Answer 36

Karl Lashley

Question 37

the hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory

Answer 37

memory trace (engram)

Question 38

a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons

Answer 38

long-term potentiation

Question 39

severe memory loss

Answer 39

amnesia

Question 40

when people are unable to remember some or all of their past, especially episodic memories for recent events

Answer 40

retrograde amnesia

Question 41

the inability to form new memories

Answer 41

anterograde amnesia

Question 42

Prenatal Development Stages:

Answer 42

- Germinal Period (First two weeks) - Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8) - Fetal Period

Question 43

During peak periods of brain development, new neurons are being generated at the rate of _______ per minute.

Answer 43

250,000

Question 44

the emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver(s), especially his or her parents

Answer 44

attachment

Question 45

Who said that attachment relationships serve important functions throughout infancy and life? She did the Strange Situation experiment.

Answer 45

Ainsworth

Question 46

Who studied cognitive development?

Answer 46

Jean Piaget

Question 47

Piaget's Four cognitive stages:

Answer 47

- Sensorimotor stage - Preoperational stage - Concrete operational stage - Formal operational stage

Question 48

What happens in the pre operational stage?

Answer 48

- Lasts from ages 2 to 7 | - Characterized by increasing use of symbols and prelogical thought processes

Question 49

the biological category of male or female as define by physical differences in genetic composition and in reproductive anatomy and function

Answer 49

sex

Question 50

the beliefs and expectations people hold about the typical characteristics, preferences, and behavior of men and women

Answer 50

gender-role stereotypes

Question 51

refers to the direction of a person's emotional and erotic attraction, whether toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes

Answer 51

sexual orientation

Question 52

a transgendered person who undergoes surgery and hormone treatments to physically transform his or her body into the opposite sex

Answer 52

transsexual

Question 53

How often do people aged 75-85 have sex?

Answer 53

more than 2-3 times per month

Question 54

a sexual disorder in which a person engages in a paraphilia that causes distress or harm to that person or to someone who is the target of their paraphilia, to that causes impairment in that person's life

Answer 54

paraphilia disorder

Question 55

any of several forms of nontraditional sexual behavior in which a person's sexual gratification depends on an unusual sexual experience, object, or fantasy

Answer 55

paraphilia