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OCTA 236 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary vs Secondary Changes in Aging

A

Primary changes – are a result of normal changes that occur with aging.

Secondary changes – changes that are caused by disease and illness, or impairment .

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2
Q

Mobility Changes in Aging

A

Reduction in height

Degenerative changes in joints

Decrease bone mass and density

Increase curvature of spine

Changes if the center of gravity

Slower, shorter, shuffling steps. Takes too long sit/stand

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3
Q

Changes in Balance in Aging

A

Postural sway increases with age

Decrease in proprioceptive sense and vestibular righting responses

Hearing changes

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4
Q

Muscular System in Aging

A

Gradual decline of physical strength begins at age 30.

Decrease muscle mass: from 43% to 25% total body weight

Increase risk of falling and acquiring secondary injuries

Rate of performing tasks is slower

Sit/Stand is a major issue

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5
Q

Cardiac Changes in Aging

A

Reduced cardiac output

Changes in the electrical system

Arrhythmias

Endurance becomes a major issue

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6
Q

Pulmonary Changes in Aging

A

Gradual decline in body fluids By age 70, 50% vs. 80% at birth.

Develop thicker mucus in the tracheobronchial tree. This could lead to infection (pneumonia).

Decrease oxygen supply to the body.

Decrease elasticity in lung tissue

Dehydration

Functionally – Decreased Endurance

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7
Q

Aging Neurological Systems Leads to

A

Decreased reaction time

Increase falls and MVA accidents

Possible visual impairment due to occipital involvement

Sleep changes occur – more light sleep and less deep sleep. Increase number of cat naps.

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8
Q

Sensory Issues in Aging

A

By 50, most people have lost taste buds at the front of the tongue. Sweet and salt go first.

Olfactory – decrease ability to discriminate between pleasant/unpleasant odors.

Tactile: Reduction in sensitivity in fingertips, palms, and legs.

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9
Q

Programmed Aging

A

“Error Theory”

Breakdown in communication between the DNA and RNA.

Cell death results ( less cell divisions)

Example : Organ Failure

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10
Q

Somatic Mutation Theory

A

Spontaneous unexpected chromosomal changes occur.

Cumulative mistakes in both the DNA and RNA occur in the immune system.

The immune system mistakenly identifies the body’s own cells as foreign and reacts against them.

Example: Cancer

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11
Q

Free Radical Theory

A

When attacked repeatedly, body part has difficulty performing its function.

A gradual decline of major organs is sited as evidence to support this theory

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12
Q

Cybernetic Theory

A

Neuro-Endocrine Theory

Suggest that the CNS is the aging pacemaker of the body.

Changes in both the endocrine system and hypothalamus result in end organ changes.

Example: Changes in the dopamine levels is noted with Parkinson’s Disease.

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13
Q

Nongenetic Theory

A

Wear and Tear Theory

Proposes that cumulative damage to vital parts of the body lead to the death of cells, tissues, organs, and eventually organism.

Environmental influence in aging

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14
Q

Disengagement Theory

A

A person will withdraw from roles and activities or reduce activity level.

“I’m too old to do this anymore.”

Differential disengagement – older person may get more involved with grandparents

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15
Q

Activity Theory

A

Elders have the same psychological and
social needs of younger age groups.

Recognize the importance of ongoing interactions.

The theory assumes that elders require/prefer high activity level.

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16
Q

Continuity Theory

A

Elders adapt to changes in their lives.

Live in familiar communities and interact with familiar people as long as possible

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17
Q

Life Span Theory

A

People are expected to have certain experiences as they live.

Aging begins at birth/ends at death

Beginning at age 60, elders need to adjust to Declining health, Retirement, Possible different living arrangements, Death of spouse/close friends.

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18
Q

_______ is a crucial component of successful aging.

A

Mobility

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19
Q

Decreased mobility can lead to…

A

to depression and eventually decrease functional status

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20
Q

Comprehensive Driving Evaluation

A

An in-depth evaluation of driving performance skills and client factors related to driving.

21
Q

Age Related Changes that can have a negative impact on driving

A

Decreased visual acuity, color discrimination, peripheral vision

Increase sensitivity to glare

Decrease reaction time and decision making ability

Unrecognized disease, medications

22
Q

Pedestrian Issues

A

Difficulty stepping down/up from a curve

Difficulty crossing the street in the allotted time by the signals

Difficulty maneuvering wheelchair or scooters on uneven sidewalks/ cut out curves.

Managing sidewalks with walkers

FYI: Elders make up 17% of Pedestrian fatalities.

23
Q

Urinary Incontienence

A

15% - 35% community dwellers experience some form of incontinence.

One out of every 10 adults have a problem.

56% of elderly in SNF

24
Q

Acute Incontinence

A

Sudden and is usually caused by an illness or condition

25
Q

Stress Incontinence

A

Involuntary loss of urine due to intra-abdominal pressure.

Examples: coughing, laughing, exercise

26
Q

Urge Incontinence

A

Bladder muscles are overactive- creating a sense of urgency

27
Q

Overflow Incontinence

A

The bladder is always full. The elderly person can never fully empty it. Constant dribbling of urine and/or voiding only small amounts noted.

28
Q

Mixed Incontinence

A

Stress ( intra-abdominal ) and Urge (urgency/void low volumn)

29
Q

Reflex Incontinence

A

lose all awareness of the need to void ( SCI)

30
Q

Functional Incontinence

A

loss of urine due to cognitive ( dementia – Alzheimer’s)

31
Q

Medication Role with Incontinence

A

Diuretics

Sleeping Pills: relax muscles and decrease awareness for the need to void.

Decongestants: tighten the pelvic floor muscles. This makes it difficult to void.

Antidepressants: relax the bladder and prevent it from contracting properly.

32
Q

Low Vision

A

vision is impaired and every day tasks are difficult even with glasses, contact lens, surgery, and/or medicine.

33
Q

Legal Blindness

A

Visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye with corrective lenses

34
Q

Visual Changes with Aging

A

Diminished acuity ( decrease ability to see details.

Diminished ability to accommodate for changes that occur with light/dark

Visual field narrows

Decrease ability to discriminate between colors

Decreased ability to tell background from foreground ( figure ground)

Decreased depth perception

35
Q

Cataracts

A

The lens become opaque and the thickens.

May complain of hazy/cloudy vision and/or blurred vision.

May have to get reading glasses for near vision

36
Q

Glaucoma

A

Acqueous fluid behind the cornea build up within the eye.

The result is low blood flow to the optic nerve and hence reduces vision.

Loss of peripheral vision and visual fields.

If not treated, one can go blind.

Treated with drops/surgery.

37
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

Leading cause of blindness over 60

The eye structure involved is the retina.

Central vision is affected.

Can not read standard print.

38
Q

Diabetic Reintopathy

A

Leading cause of blindness of all ages.

Usually occurs in an individual with poorly controlled diabetes.

Blood vessels rupture in the eye causing blind spots in the central vision field.

Can cause Retinal Detachment.

39
Q

Parkinson’s and AD Vision

A

Parkinson’s Disease – may have difficutly with eye movements. (Up gaze and converging) Problems with convergence can cause double vision.

Blink less frequently – dry eyes

Alzheimer’s Disease – difficulty with color perception as well as Depth perception.

40
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

Results when the external ear can’t conduct sound waves to the inner ear. This could be a result of wax build up or fluid in the middle ear.

41
Q

Presbycusis

A

“old hearing” is hearing loss which is the result of damage in the inner ear structures such as the cochlea or basilar membrane

42
Q

Mixed Hearing Loss

A

A combination of conductive and presbycusis

43
Q

Sensory Presbycusis

A

loss of high frequency sounds which is a result of degeneration of the basal end of the organ of corti. (s,h,f)

Can still discriminate sounds.

44
Q

Neural Presbycusis

A

progressive degeneration of the auditory neurons in the auditory pathways of the cochlea .

45
Q

Mechanical Presbycusis

A

stiffening of the basilar membrane. Interferes with the vibration mechanisms with the cochlea duct.

Can lead to a loss of hearing of all frequencies.

46
Q

Metabolic Presbycusis

A

Result of atrophy of the blood vessels around the cochlea’s wall.

Reduction in pure tone sensitivity of all frequencies is accompanied by rapid increase in loudness as the sound intensifies.

47
Q

Tinnitus

A

a type of hearing disorder that involves ringing , whistling, or buzzing in the ear.

48
Q

Meniere’s Disease

A

inner ear disorder that causes attacks of dizziness.

This results from an increased fluid in the ear

Hearing loss or ringing in the ear may result.

OCTA 236 (3 decks)

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