Test 2 Flashcards
self-concept
self understanding
self-esteem
judgement about their worth
self-efficacy
experience yourself as capable of mastering a task or situation
Understand the concept of gender stereotype.
Gender typing refers to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural sterotypes
Review brain development (what is changing in the brain) in early and middle childhood.
Cerebellum changes- Importance for balance and body control and stronger connections form between cerebrum and cerebellum (more neurons develop myelin) Secondary function are memory improvements and planning
Reticular formation- Consciousness- more myelin and new connection
Hippocampus- (memory)- also helps to experience oneself in relation to space - more myelin and new synaptic formation
Corpus colosseum- More synaptic connection and myelin forming
*less growth in brain volume but change in particular regions, continued synaptic pruning *continue to see more activation in the prefrontal cortex *Executive Functioning improves
Know impact of exposure to second hand and third hand smoke for children.
Second hand smoke- 25% exposed to
Third hand smoke- (residue left of the clothing and furniture) - gives rise to cancer and respiratory problems
Understand “conservation”
lack of awareness that altering and object or appearance does not chance its basic properties
Understand “scaffolding”
refers to changing the level of support that is offered * not to little support and not too much it has to fit performance
*believed private speech was very important to help children solve behavior or self-regulation (self talk)
Understand “zone of proximal development”
range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with the guidance of adults or peers who are more experienced *range is important for cognitive development supporting these zones helps to push to the next level
authoritarian
tends to be punitive, and restrictive, tends to have firm limits and control on the child with very little verbal exchange (my way because I’m the parent) This style promotes spanking as a primary form of discipline*enforce rules without explanation *characterized by higher levels of anger toward a child (very likely to spank a child before they’re angry ( consequences - the direct message is it ok to be aggressive when they’re angry)
authoritative
Most successful Ideal- encourages child to be independent but limits and boundaries *allows verbal give and take *parents high on warmth and nurturing but keeps their boundaries * to address a child’s behavior helps a child to identify a better behavior *style promotes a positive behavior * parents are higher in self-control * High stress makes this difficult
uninvolved
parent who is not involved *other aspects of life are considered more important to the parent * children will develop poor self-control and not independent * children tend to be lower in self esteem
permissive
very involved but very few controls or limits/boundaries *Children will become very egocentric
Understand “coparenting” and benefits of coparenting.
is support that one parent gives to the other when raising a child. *on the same page but doesn’t mean they agree on everything *this becomes a challenge when parents are divorced/ have animosity
Distinguish phonics from whole language approach.
Whole language- reader is taught to recognize whole word, entire sentences, to guess at meanings of words, give a child a passage to read and let them use context to determine meaning
Phonics - basic rules for translating symbols into sounds, then give a child a passage to read
Review notes concerning the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
is an individually administered intelligence test for children between the ages of 6 and 16, it takes 45–65 minutes to administer and generates a Full Scale IQ (formerly known as an intelligence quotient or IQ score) which represents a child’s general intellectual ability. It also provides five primary index scores (i.e., Verbal Comprehension Index, Visual Spatial Index, Fluid Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index) that represent a child’s abilities in more discrete cognitive domains
Review details about vocabulary growth in early and middle childhood.
gain about 9000 word by age 6. Children connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a breig encounter, a process called fast mapping
What are the roles of the hippocampus and corpus callosum?
H- vital role in memory and in images of spacial recognition
CC-large bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres. Supports smooth coordination of movements of both sides
Review impact of low growth hormone (GH) and treatment for low GH.
Growth hormone- Genetics influence (released by pituitary gland) directly relates to most tissue growth except nervous system and genitals (growth hormone also is necessary for organ development)
Thyroid stimulating hormone - Released from the thyroid gland - prompts the release of thyroxine (brain development) (babies would need this immediately or they will have significant cognitive delay but like GH will generally catch up once receiving it)
Understand the reasons for increased balance in early childhood.
Cerebellum changes- Importance for balance and body control and stronger connections form between cerebrum and cerebellum (more neurons develop myelin)
Review the types of drawings we see in early childhood.
Fine motor skills 3 pinch objects to manipulate it improves (improvements dealing with small objects) *First efforts of writing and drawing
1 stage- scribbles (marks on a page, represents motion child is trying to mimic rabbits hopping vs dots)
2 stage - Pictures (Lines to make objects, people tend to be tadpole)age 5 draw head more proportional understanding depth. Kids tell a lot about emotional world through pictures. At age 3 letters aren’t different than pictures
Review characteristics of Piaget’s preoperational stage.
Word images and drawings is how children interact, start to reason.
Egocentric- not good at distinguishing their perspective from someone else’s (their world)
Animism- child’s tendency to give life like qualities to something that is inanimate
Centration- (Preschoolers vulnerable) toddlers tendency to center on one characteristic and ignore everything else- evidenced by a lack of conservation (lack of awareness that altering and object or appearance does not chance its basic properties) example equal water poured into a tall glass vs short glass, even if they saw it was equal water, they would say the tall glass has more water
*a child cannot yet perform operations (the ability to reverse a mental action that allows a child to do mentally what before they could only do physically) example - teach a three year old watch a block be removed that are able to understand one was subtracted but they are not capable without the physical stimuli’s to do the mental task
*preoperational children not yet efficient at organizing categories (hierarchical classification)
*Magical thinking/ belief - They think irrationally and believe it to be true this helps encourage imagination
Know gender differences in gross/fine motor skill development in middle childhood.
Boys -gross motor skill (running, climbing, riding a bicycle)
Girls- fine motor skills (shoe tying, fastening a button, gluing, hammering) *due to increased myelination
Understand the principles involved in Montessori education
Teacher acts more as a guide 1. respect for the child, 2. the absorbent mind, Montessori believed that children educate themselves 3. sensitive periods, 4. the prepared environment, and 5. auto education.
What are the roles of recasting and expanding in supporting language development in childhood?
Little increase in size of the brain but is gaining much mass- more neurons are pruned away
Synapses not connected disappear which allows new neurons to start making different connection (underused are done away with)
Continue to have myelin to develop, specifically in areas of hand-eye coordination. Also continual lateralization in the brain Left becomes very active attributes to the massive growth in this area
What are the con’s of physical punishment?
1 models aggression 2 reduces sympathetic response to others 3 children avoid the punishing adult 4 may cause parents to punish quicker due to the relief 5 may transfer to the next generation
How do parent’s reinforce gender stereotypes in childhood?
By buying gender specific toys or the types of tasks that they encourage their children in
What can adults do to reduce gender stereotyping for children?
try to be more neutral
Review the chronic illnesses discussed in your text that are common in middle childhood
asthma
What are the long term consequences of child maltreatment/child abuse?
impair the development of emotional self-regulation, empathy and sympathy, self-concept, social skills, and academic motivation. Distress, agressive behavior, peer dificulties, substance abuse and violent crime.
What are risks factors for childhood obesity? In other words, what makes children more vulnerable to childhood obesity?
over weight parents, heredity, lack of knowledge about a healthy diet, low cost food, family stress
What is true of ‘only children?’
tend to have better self esteem
Review characteristics of ‘learned helplessness.’
attribute their failures ,not their success, to ability. When they succeed, they conclude that external factors, such as luck , are responsible. Unlike their mastery-orientated counterparts, they believe that ability is fixed and cannot be improved by trying hard.
What kinds of attributions do mastery-oriented children make?
credit their success to ability- a characteristic they can improve through trying hard and can count on when facing new challenges. And they attribute failure to factors that can be changed or controlled, such as insufficient effort or a very difficult task
What are Sternberg’s categories of intelligence?
The triarchic theory describes three distinct types of intelligence that a person can possess. Sternberg calls these three types practical intelligence, creative intelligence, and analytical intelligence.
Know the symptoms and characteristics of ADHD
The three primary characteristics of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The signs and symptoms a child with attention deficit disorder has depends on which characteristics predominate
What does ‘least restrictive environment’ refer to?
In the special education world, a least restrictive environment refers to the classroom placement of a child with disabilities where he or she can have the most freedom to be a child. Some disabilities prevent the child from being fully mainstreamed with typical peers
Distinguish recognition and recall memory
recognition- ability to tell whether a stimulus is the same or similar to one they have seen before
Recall - the child generate a mental image of an absent stimulus
what kinds of characteristics would a 3 year old use to describe himself ?
self concepts consists largely of observable characteristics, such as their name, physical appearance, possessions, and every day behaviors also typical emotions and attitudes. They do not say I’m helpful. Direct references to personality traits must wait for greater cognitive maturity
what role does ‘empathy’ play in development in childhood?
empathy serves as an important motivator or prosocial (altruistic) behavior -actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self.
Review Parten’s types of play
1 Nonsocial activity(solitary play) - child playing to themselves or observing
2 Parallel play- playing independently alongside another playing independently
3 Associative play- To children start to share toy, making comments to each other but still playing individually
4 Cooperative play- kids are working together toward a common goal
Understand development in middle childhood according to Piaget? what are the characteristics of concrete operation stage?
Concrete operational stage - a child can reason logically if that reasoning can be applied to a concrete example *capable of observation *can pass a conservation task- glass of water *consider several characteristics of an object *classify items into subsets and understand their relatedness *capable of seriation- start to be able to order according to quantitative dimensions *transitive inference - having the ability to combine relations to understand a conclusion (stick a is longer than b stick b is longer than c, so stick a is bigger than c) *start to form cognitive maps -mental representation of things.
Review custody arrangement in families where divorce is present?
no idea
How can parents help with sibling rivalry?
try to be neutral
what should an effective physical educational program emphasize
activity
what increases or fosters self-esteem in children?
no idea
What are the roles of the hippocampus and corpus callosum?
H- plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way
CC- Is a large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum supports smooth coordination of movement on both sides of the body and integration of many aspects of thinking, including perception, attention, memory, language, and problem solving.
