Test 2 Flashcards
Nano-particles
a nanoscale particle (< 0.1 microns). Used in industries such as medicine, as transport modalities. •
Hazards: unknown, although there is concern because the effects of ultrafine particulates are known.
Polychlorinatedbiphenols (PCB’s)
) are a group of manmade chemicals. PCBs are very stable mixtures that are resistant to extreme temperature and pressure. PCBs were used widely in electrical equipment like capacitors and transformers. They are also often byproducts of industrial waste.
Hazards:Chloracne, as well as a group 2A cancer causing agent.
What it looks like: They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste.
Hippocrates
first epidemiologist. He made observations and records regarding disease distribution, climate, lifestyle and living conditions. He made distinctions between endemic and epidemic diseases. He also prescribed boiling and staining water before drinking.
The Roman Empire
underground sewer systems and raised aqueducts. They filled and emptied their baths at least once per day to reduce water–borne illnesses. Locations of their cities were determined according to drainage of dwellings. Further they employed building regulations, paved streets, and street cleanings.
The middle ages
Period in which the Roman Empire ruled.
- Germanic tribes destroyed everything, including Roman baths. Church leaders attempted civilize communities, but believed “sins” caused diseases.
- The High Middle Ages saw improvement in government and economics. Water was to be used for drinking and cooking only; not for hygiene. This era was followed by the renaissance period.
The renaissance period
was a problem in the disposal of human waste as a problem. Typhus and typhoid fever, as well as STD’s, were also problems. During this time, physicians distinguished various characteristics of several diseases. Primary methods to contain epidemics were isolation and sanitation.
The plague
massive casualties worldwide. The Black Death, or bubonic plague brought about a twenty-three percent of London residents died from the bubonic death. In response to calamities like these Italy organized health boards to fight the plague by monitoring food & sewage, regulating hospital activities and overseeing physicians and drug use.
decimation of the Indian populations
due to smallpox.
• The age of enlightenment
brought about treatment for scurvy and smallpox. However, disease and epidemics were thought to be caused by fifth and miasmas.
• The U.S. PH service
created by in part to meet the demand for hospitals and was preceded by the Marine hospital service, which was created by John Adams.
• The industrial revolution
brought about new disease, such as cholera, which is thought to be the first global disease, and was transmitted in part due to sea travel, when ships docked at ports. Migration to cities created slums and overcrowding leading to an environment where diseases can proliferate. During this time England passed the PH act of 1848. This saw efforts in sanitation added to isolation and quarantine to combat disease.
• Lemuel Shattuck
recommend collecting vital stats in the U.S. and wrote The Report of The Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts
• The age of Bacteriology
- J. Lister, who used antiseptics during the civil war
- L. Pasteur who developed the process of pasteurization to kill bacteria in food;
- W.T. Sedgwick identified fecal bacteria in water as causes of typhoid fever and developed first sewage treatment techniques. It was discovered that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitos.
- The U.S. PH service began to gather disease stats. It was found that rodents transferred by rodents.
- surgeon general became the head of the U.S. PH service.
- The Pure Food and Drug Act was passed in 1906.
- The U.S. Dept. of Labor and Bureau of mines was creates top stem the tide of black lung disease.
- PH officials worked overseas to prevent the spread of malaria by using kerosene and oil in water where mosquitos breed. Harvard established the first PH school in 1922.
• The great depression
invited the U.S. government to meet the needs of water and sewage systems, hospitals, and for disease control. The NIH was created to study the cause, prevention, and cure of diseases.
• The age of social engineering
CDC established in Hotlanta in 1946, and the WHO in 1947 to monitor infectious diseases. Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine in 1954
- Medicare and Medicaid unde LBJ
- Laws were created tom establish the EPA, superfund, clean air act, clean water act solid waste disposal act and others.
- The first NHANES was conducted
- A PH success was the identification of legionnaire’s disease.
• Naturally acquired immunity
Both active and passive
• Naturally acquired immunity ( active )
• Antibodies are produced in response to an antigen, this may take several days.
• Naturally acquired immunity (passive)
• Antibodies are received through the placenta or breast milk.
o Artificial acquired active immunity
• Attenuated (live or killed) vaccine injected into the body.
o Artificial passive immunity
• Antibody-containing serum (immunoglobin) from a person or animal are transferred to an infected person, this is short lasting.
• Herd immunity
o Resistance within a population to a disease
o Decreases when parents neglect to have children immunized.
Ozone destroying chemicals
• Chlorofluorocarbons are major causative agents
-Refrigerants, aerosol propellants, blowing agent are CFCs.
Dioxins
- Sources: Byproducts of chemical processes. Often, from the paper and pulp industries.
- Health Hazards: cause Chloracne and are a group 1 cancer agent.
Metals
-using in manufacturing, leather tanning, metal plating mining, smelting, and aerospace manufacturing,
• Hazards: CNS and PNS problems such as wrist drop, renal toxicity, BP problems, miscarriages/ still births, mad hatter syndrome, and cancer (various, notable lung cancer).
Disease and hygiene in the middle ages
- Followed the Period in which the Roman Empire ruled.
- During the early Middle Ages, Germanic tribes destroyed everything, including Roman baths.
- Church leaders attempted civilize communities, but believed “sins” caused diseases.
- The High Middle Ages saw improvement in government and economics.
- Water was to be used for drinking and cooking only; not for hygiene.
- This era was followed by the renaissance period.
• Dr. James Lind
discovered that scurvy could be controlled with lime juice.
• Biting flies
Black flies, deer flies, sand flies, horse flies, stable flies
-require a blood meal. They carry blood borne disease such as: African sleeping sickness deerfly fever, and African eye worm disease.
• Non-biting flies
houseflies
- they feed on waste materials
- They may pick up pathogens for salmonella dysentery, cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever, hookworm, pinworm and whipworm.
• Ionizing health hazards
- due to ionizing radiation, which can cause radiation sickness, and several types of cancer
- Physiological effects depend on amount and length of time exposed.
• Nonionizing radiation
- such as sunlight
- cause squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma, as well malignant melanoma. -The latter of which is more fatal than the former two, which are common.
Asbestos
- Source: Mineral fiber used in insulating.
- Uses: mining, manufacturing, construction, shipbuilding, and auto repair.
- Hazards: Asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma
Smallpox
- Colonists introduced smallpox, measles, typhus and scarlet fever to the Americas.
- Lord Amherst gave Indians blankets infected with smallpox.
- Small pox eliminated fifty to ninety percent of Indian populations. (Entire settlements)
- Vaccines for smallpox was discovered by Dr. Jenner, and had originally discovered it by examining milk maids that had similar pox on their hands. He took samples from cows and used them to inoculate humans to protect them from small pox.
Cholera
- History- was the first global disease
- Significance: Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera remains a global threat to public health.
• The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) of 1986
- 1986 was created to help communities plan for chemical emergencies.
- It also requires industry to report on the storage, use and releases of hazardous substances to federal, state, and local governments
Prions
• Definition- A prion is an infectious agent composed entirely of protein material, called PrP (short for prion protein), that can fold in multiple, structurally distinct ways, at least one of which is transmissible to other prion proteins, leading to disease that is similar to viral infection.
• Diseases:
o Bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) in cattle
o Creutzfedt- Jacob disease (CJD) in humans
o Gerstmann-straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), a rare disease.
Superfund
• Purpose: The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, was enacted by Congress on December 11, 1980. This law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment.
Mites
• Diseases: cause scrub typhus, rickettsia, hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis.
Zoonosis
• Diseases transmitted from animals to humans through zoonoses; which are animal bites, scratches, meat, hides, or feces.
Exposure to cotton dust
• Cotton mill workers are often affected. It causes fibrotic lung disease (Byssinosis otherwise known as brown lung disease).
Symptoms and causes of asthma
• Isocyanates are paint drying chemicals and are known asthma causing agents. Aluminum chrome and nickel as well as wood dust are also suspected causative agents.
Cross-contamination
- An example is when houseflies, who carry fecal matter, land on your food contaminating your food
- Another example is when the same utensils are used on raw food and cooked food.
E-recycling
• This is an emerging problem because outdated electronics are being disposed of, and often dismantled in lower income nations where workers may not own the protective equipment needed to protect themselves from dangerous materials they are handling.
Obesity
• Chemicals contributing to obesity: BPAs and Phthalates are endocrine disruptors and can lead to obesity.
Mosquitos
• Diseases: they carry encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue fever, West Nile, malaria and zika.
Dangerous spiders and scorpions
• Arachnids include spiders, tarantulas, ticks, mites, and scorpions.
- They are carnivorous. They do not have antennae or wings, they have eight legs and multiple eyes.
- Scorpions are rarely deadly, but their venom produce severe pain swelling, difficulties in breathing muscle twitching and convulsions.
• Vectors
organisms that transmit diseases to humans.
• Disease transmitted by vectors include
malaria, yellow fever, filariasis, dengue fever, encephalitis typhus, relapsing fever, African sleeping disease, the plague.
four types of atoms;
earth, air, fire and water
human body was made up of four humours
blood, yellow bile, phlegm and black bile
. Air
was associated with blood
fire
yellow bile
water
with phlegm
earth
black bile
Medicare and Medicaid
were established under LBJ.
Examples of dangerous arachnids
brown recluse, which has a cytotoxic bite. The black widow, which has a neurotoxic bite.
Relative risk
incidence among those exposed over
incidence among those not exposed
Which of the following is the primary vector for Wes Nile Virus infection?
Asian Tiger mosquitoes
Lyme disease
deer ticks
Chagas
kissing bug
encephalitis
- mosquitos
- mites
typhus fever
- body lice
- human fleas
typhoid fever
- houseflies
yellow fever
- mosquitos
rocky MT spotted fever
- deer ticks
African sleeping sickness
- biting flies
bubonic plague
- rat fleas
malaria
mosquitos
dysentery
houseflies
scabies
mites
hantavirus
deer mouse fleas
Agriculture
MOST dangerous occupation
What term is used to describe the intensity of sound—the amount of energy behind a sound wave?
amplitude
What is the unit used to measure noise levels or amplitude?
decibels (dB)
What is the term used to describe the rate of vibration of an object—how fast it is moving back and forth?
frequency
What is the standard unit used for measuring the frequency of sound?
hertz
What level of noise exposure, if experienced on a regular basis, could lead to permanent impairment of hearing ability?
85 dB
Give an example of an everyday activity that generates noise of this magnitude?
city traffic, power tools
What structures within the inner ear can be damaged by noise, resulting in a loss of hearing?
: hair cells in the Organ of Corti
Why is noise-induced hearing loss irreversible?
Hair cells cannot regenerate.
What term is used to describe the condition characterized by a ringing or buzzing in the head?
: tinnitis
What recreational activity is the single greatest cause of non-occupational hearing loss?
: target shooting and hunting
