Test 2

Question 1

What are the components of quality health care?

Answer 1

1: effectiveness
2: equity
3: patient centeredness
4: timeliness
5: efficiency
6: safety

Question 2

Define evidence based practice:

Answer 2

The explicit, conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about care of individual patients(and populations)

Question 3

Aim of EBP?

Answer 3

Integrating of best

• research evidence
• clinical expertise
• patient values

Question 4

What is the EBP process?

Answer 4

1: Access
2: Ask an answerable clinical question
3: Aquire the evidence
4: Appraise the evidence
5: Apply the evidence

Question 5

What are the possible research designs when there is a control and intervention group?

Answer 5

Either Randomised control trial OR

Controlled Clinical Trial

Question 6

What research design is…When 2 large groups, treated and nontreated are followed for years or even decades to count how many develop a particular disease

Answer 6

Cohort study

Question 7

Which research design is used when the HISTORIES of a group of people with a condition is compared with a group of people without the condition - in order to find suspected casual factors:

Answer 7

Case control

Question 8

Research design of, interviewing women asking if they have had a baby in the past few months and if they took a specific drug during pregnancy?

Answer 8

Cross sectional studies

Question 9

What kind of data is mild, moderate, severe?

Answer 9

Categorical ordinal

Question 10

What kind of data is gender, eye colour, burning-tingling-shooting?

Answer 10

Categorical nominal

Question 11

What kind of data is height, weight, temp?

Answer 11

Numerical continuous

Question 12

What kind of data is #students, counts?

Answer 12

Numerical discrete

Question 13

Stating the null and alternative?

Answer 13

________(Intervention) had not significant effects on _______(what is being measured) of the _______(describe participants)

Question 14

When testing hypothesis with p-values:

Answer 14

1. State significance level (usually alpha = 0.05)
2. state p values for what effects are being measured
3. Is the p value greater or smaller than significance level?
   - if P < 0.05 = reject the null
   - if P > 0.05 = fail to reject the null

Question 15

What does a p value of 0.05 mean?

Answer 15

When assuming the null (with significance level 0.05)

You’d obtain the observed difference or more in 5% of studies due to random sampling error

Question 16

Why would someone set the significance level at 0.01?

Answer 16

When we want to make sure chance plays as small a role as possible
Usually done with a large sample and when there is high risk
Eg. Deadly medications

Question 17

Describe sensitivity:

Answer 17

True positive
Probability diagnostic test is positive in patients who do have the disease
Eg. Sensitivity of 0.85 = there is a 85% chance that if the test is positive that you do have the disease

Question 18

Draw out diagnostic accuracy table

Answer 18

Now pls

Question 19

Describe specificity:

Answer 19

True Negative
Probability diagnostic test is negative in patients that do not have the disease
Eg. Specificity of 0.75? There is a 75% chance that if the test is negative the individual does not have the condition

Question 20

What is the false negative rate?

Answer 20

Probability the test will fail to detect disease in a patient with disease

Question 21

What is false positive?

Answer 21

Probability test is positive for someone without the disease

Question 22

Use the info given to display the results of the diagnostic test in a table (2x2 table):

Answer 22

Y axis = test result 
X axis = disease state 
Both positive then negative 
Only fill table with counts at this stage 
Eg. 12 TP, 14 FP u knooo

Question 23

What is the formula for sensitivity?

Answer 23

TP/(TP + FN) X 100

Question 24

What is the formula for specificity?

Answer 24

(TN/TN + FP) X 100

Question 25

How do you recommend things based on sensitivity and specificity?

Answer 25

Say which one is low, and which one is slightly better
Say how close to 100 eg. Too far from, fairly close
Therefore I would say this is a) not a good test b) a good test for ___

Question 26

In stats what does the 68-95-99.7 rule mean?

Answer 26

Just draw a normal distribution with 1-3 standard deviations mannnnnn
“When data is normally distributed the 68-95-99.7 rule refers to approximately how many of your scores will fall between a certain number of standard deviations

Question 27

Explain p-values:

Answer 27

1. It is a probability value that tells you how much chance played a role in that research
2. The p-value is used to reject or fail to reject the null(the null is the starting point for hypothesis testing)
3. The p-value is related to the sample in study(draw circle diagram with population and sample and p value and confidence intervals)

Question 28

Explain confidence intervals:

Answer 28

1. Confidence intervals are estimated range of values within which population parameter is going to lie
2. Confidence level comes from alpha Eg. Significance level of alpha = 0.05 = 95%, 95% confident true pop mean lies between stated values of lower and upper confidence limit
3. The narrower CI more precise

Question 29

How do you know a study is a randomised control?

Answer 29

If it states random allocation anyyywhereere aye

Question 30

What does having a high p value mean? Like 0.749 high?

Answer 30

There is a very large probability that results of the study were caused by chance alone