Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
In relation to the Federal reserve banks study from 2012 on the rural-urban hierarchy Rural income is ______?
A
Decreasing.
2
Q
Everything we talk about relates back to _____ which relates back to ____
A
Stratification, inequality
3
Q
In relation to average annual expenditures of urban and rural households, what are both areas spending the most on?
A
Housing
4
Q
In relation to average annual expenditures of urban and rural households, although both are spending the moston housing, where does it cost more to live?
A
Urban areas
5
Q
In relation to average annual expenditures of urban and rural households, What is the 2nd most paid expenditure on?
A
Transportation
6
Q
In relation to average annual expenditures of urban and rural households, what vehicles are more prevelant in rural areas?
A
Used cars and trucks
7
Q
In relation to the Average annual entertainment expenditures of urban and rural households bot spent the most on _______
A
Audio and visual entertainment
8
Q
Pets were spent on more in [Urban] or [Rural] areas?
A
Rural
9
Q
What is a labor force?
A
All that are employed or seeking employment
10
Q
What is the primary labor market?
A
Mostly professional jobs/ you more than likely nmeed educational attainment for that job
11
Q
What is the secondary labor market?
A
More blue collar jobs, low status, low pay
12
Q
What are ascribed charecteristics?
A
The charecterstics/ status you are born into, involuntarily
13
Q
What are some examples of ascribed charecteristics?
A
race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, religion, wealth, disability
14
Q
What are Achieved Charecterisitcs?
A
Achievements. charecteristics you obtain
15
Q
What are some examples of achieved characteristics?
A
education, occupation, skills, hobby, family,
16
Q
Based on the infographin the book, on real median household income by race, what racial group makes the highest, what group makews the lowest?
A
Highest- Asian americans
lowest- African americans
17
Q
Based on the racial wealth gap, _______ characteristics already have an impact on your future income?
A
Ascribed
18
Q
In realtion to labor markets, ascribed characteristics can have an impact on which labor market you fall into? t o f?
A
T- more afdrican americans fall into the secondary labor market or receive less income than other co worrkers of a different racial status
19
Q
What is the formal and informal economy comparable to?
A
Primary and secondary labor markets
20
Q
What is the formal economy?
A
Stable, full time, professional, gov. related
21
Q
What is the informal economy?
A
Service sector, unstable, temporary.
22
Q
What are some jobs that fall within the informal economy?
A
Restaurants, food, customer service, retail.
23
Q
In relation to the workforce, women face forced discrimination of ______ and _______
A
Pay, hiring practices
24
Q
Women are more likely to fall into the, formal or informal economy?
A
Informal economy
25
Income difference between men and women are $________. and, when you control for educational differences it becomes $________
11,000, 20,000
26
Because of discrimination in pay and hiring practices faced by women, their _____ characteristics are playing a huge role in their financial capital attainment
ascribed
27
What is the ratio(percentage) of pay between men and women?
77%
28
In relation to the gender pay gap, what part of va had the best pay ratio?
best- NOVA
29
What region had the worst gender pay ratio in the VA?
Appalachia
30
What part of the US has the worst gender pay ratio/ what is the ratio?
Louisiana w/ 50%
31
What is an opportunity structure determined by?
Something that is determined by what types of opportunities, jobs are there/ available
32
In relation to education, rural schools have seen what since the 1940's?
A decline in public schools
33
In relation to education, what elements have played a key role in the decline in rural public schools?
consolidation and redistricting. private schools, rich families leaving the areas and taking th tax base with them which leads to worse schools because of less funding
34
Schools who have better supplies and resources are in areas where the property tax is _______
Higher
35
Because of the decline in public schools in rural areas, what does Fayette co, WV show us are some sonsequences?
Tearing down the school and making kids ride 2 hours to another school to consolidate because of the lack of funding and ability to pay for the school/resources for sthe school.
36
In relation to high school graduation, the highest/lowest graduation rate is in what region?
Highest- north
| lowest- south (Kentucky, southwestern va
37
Ohio has few major cities and the rest is sparse however, their graduation rates are ______
good/ high
38
What did the graduation rates look like for the class of 2015 in VA?
90.5% (2013 GRAD RATES)
39
In relation to rural education, during the early to mid 2000's rural publics schools test scores were ______ but in the 2010-now era they were ______
Proficient sometimes even scoring better than rural areas//// falling behind because of online standardized testing.
40
What is the one exception to rural areas test scores?
Ohio
41
In relation to rural education, what would explain the reasoning for rural students falling behind with online testing? why is ohio an exception?
Lack of funding/ access to computer/computer labs/ compuer training skills. Ohio is an exception because they setaside funding for computer skills trainings
42
Befroe we had common core we had? Who was the champion of the latter answer?
No child left behind, by geriorge w bush
43
What is the common core?
a widespread standardized education changing the way a student is taught and tested on subjects
44
The common core is royally failing? T O F?
True
45
Under the common core, students would get marks off if they did not complete a question the common core way? T O F?
True.
46
What are the results of of the common core?
Kids are getting left behind even more
47
In relation to rural school districts with the highest poverty rates, what Is the notorious name for the top 10% poorest districts?
Rural 800
48
Where are the rural 800 most concentrated?
South. mostly Kentucky and west va
49
What is poverty?
Living below the line designated by the government which says you have an income to meet your basic needs.
50
What is absolute poverty?
the lack of one or more basic needs over a period long enough that it endangers your life or can cause it harm
51
What is relative poverty?
It is relative, your definition of poverty, ca change from person to person
52
In 2015, what was the poverty rate for the us?
13.5%
53
Poverty is higher among what demographics?
Women and children, minorities, and rural counties
54
Children who live with grandparents face _____X the risk of living in poverty(true for both rural and urban)
3x
55
Who is the most likely to live in poverty? who is the 2nd to most?
1- rural children
| 2- urban children
56
The ssouth has the ___ poverty out of any other region?
most
57
In relation to poverty in the south, what are the percnetages of poverty for non metro and metro areas
non metro- 21.7%
| metro- 15.9%
58
As stated before the south has the most poverty out of any other region, but what are the regions that follow after it?
west, miswest, than the least being the northeast
59
What year was the war on poverty declared?
1960
60
Appalachin poverty is ____X higher than the national average
1.5
61
In relation to appalachin poverty, in 1960 the region had ____ high poverty counties, and in 2010 there were ____ high poverty counties in the region
296
116
62
In relation to the cost of living if you has $100, what are the most valuble/ least valuble places
most- west va, Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi
least- NY, CALI, ALASKA HAWII
63
What are the poverty rates (percentages) for rural v urban areas?
rural- 18.2%
urban- 27%
64
What are the poverty rates (percentages) for rural children?
27%
65
Rural employed poor are ______ to stay in poverty than inner city employed poor. reasons?
much more likely/ lack of opportunity strcuture
66
In relation to less oppurtunities, why don't people just move/leave?
It's not easy, you need a support system, and MONEY to leave
67
What are Health issues?
The degree of your disability
68
What are determinants of your health status?
Physical and mental conditions/ acute or chronic
69
What factors determine your eligibility for medicare//// medicad?
Medicare- over 65
medicad- poverty level
70
What is the percentage of rural dual eligibility? ( medicare/medicad)
17.9%
71
What is the affordable care act?
Put in place by Obama to get more people health insurance/ health care.
72
In relation to health issues, rural residents were ______ likely to have public coverage and less likely to have ____ than meteropolitan residents?
More// ESI
73
What is the percentage breakdown in rural areas of those, UNINSURED ______// EMPLOYER BASED//// MEDICAD/// OTHER PUBLIC/// OTHER PRIVATE
Uninsured- 18%
employer- 51%
medicad-21%
other public- 4%
other private 6%
74
What is the percentage breakdown in Urban areas of those, UNINSURED ______// EMPLOYER BASED//// MEDICAD/// OTHER PUBLIC/// OTHER PRIVATE
uninsured- 18%
medicad- 16%
employer based- 57%
other private- 6%
other public- 3%
75
In relation to health issues, why is access to quality health services an issue in rural areas?
Might take awhile to drive to hospital or might take awhil for abulence to get there
76
What city/state has created a community paramedic project?
Abeville, sc
77
What are critical access hospitals?
Hospitals at least 35 miles away from another hospital. Critical access hospital (CAH) is a rural primary health care hospital that gives limited outpatient and inpatient hospital services to people in rural areas
78
Where are the highest concentration of critical access hospitals?
Midwest, northeast
79
Where are the highest conbcentration of rural health clinics?
Midwest/ southeast
80
Who founded remote area medical, and what is their mission?
Stan brock startedit, set up pop shop with doctors to service areas with v little resources
81
In relation to health issues, what are some unhealthy behavior?
Not going to the doctor
82
In relation to healtyh issues, what are some problems that arise fom unhealthy food?
Food deserts, obiesity
83
IN relation to HIV Prevelance, where are the highest levels located?
In rrural and urban areas in the south
84
What type of capital does the well beig index by state measure?
Human capital
85
What does the well being index take into account?
Who's insured, health- mental and physical, unemplpyment, obiesity, food desrts
86
What region falls in the top/ bottom quintile for well being?
top Midwest
bottom- Appalachia
87
In relation to the 2015 well being index what were the top 5 states?
1. Hawii
2. Alaska
3. montana
4. Colorado
5. Wyoming
88
What were the urban/ rural obiesity rates in 1998 v 2000's
urban- 1998- 17.8% 2000- 33.4%
rural 20.4%, 39.6%
89
wHY DO RURAL ARERAS HAVE HIGHER OBIESITY RATES?
Food deserts, less money, fast food, distance, affordability, convenience
90
What area has the hghest percentage of working age amricans with missing teeth?
West va w/ 20%
91
The ____ rates are higher in rural counties, almost double
sucide
92
Almost ____ the risk of sexual assult for women
triple
93
In rural areas there is a ____ premature death rate
higher
94
Who has the highest premature death rate, who follows
1. pine ridge indian reservation
| 2. appalachiann counties
95
How many meth labs were there in rural areas I 1998 v 2003-
949, 9,385
96
Meth labs are located primarialy in which region?
Midwest areas
97
Core trump supporter are typically _____ and _____
White and working class
98
What are white working class voters political views?
23% dem 10% lean dem 9%- non lean independent 20% lean republican 35% republican
99
In relation to a 2016 cnn data analysis, ___% of white working class think children will be worse off than them
50
100
In relation to a 2016 cnn data analysis, when asked "how well does the gov represent your view" ___% of white working class said not much
56
101
In relation to a 2016 cnn data analysis, when asked if immigrants burden the country ____% of white working class aid yes
47
102
53% of whiote working class citrizens say immigrants from muslim countries increase teroor risk. t of?
true
103
68% of white working class ssay they will ot consider voting for hillarry? 60% thinking of voting for trump t o f?
true
104
What is Political capital?
Rules regultions, resources distributions, organization, power ofccitizens// mobilize the norms and values into legal standards
105
In relation to police violence and crime reporting, a new study out of milauke found that after death of frank jude there was a ___% decrease in crime reporting in that areas
17%
106
What is power?
Ability to make or prevent something from happening
107
What is community power?
Ability to affect distribution of resporcews both public and private
108
Power is _____
socially constructed
109
What is social control?
Exercising powr
110
What are sanctions?
Formal informal, positive negative.
111
What are formal sanctins?
RULES AND LAWS, REAL CONSEUENCES
112
What are informal sanctions?
Reinforcement of norms/ keepin each other in check
113
What are positive informal sanctions?
gaining mor friends
114
In relation to Power by Domination, what are the three major aspects to this theory?
1. cHARASMATIC- Something about this person makes them good leader
2. Traditional- Traditional// passed down
3. Legal/rational
115
What is the pluralst theory of power?
There is power in different groupos, no dominant group , town meetings, town meeting democracy
116
What does Ashfield, Mass have that makes it so unique?
Open town meetings, self governing
117
What does the power elite theory by c wright mills state?
Small dominanting group of business gov and military leaders/ elitism
118
What is elitism?
Stratification syatem
119
In relation to the power elite theory, one major theme is who controls the _______
Public agenda
120
What does a class based domination theory state?
The rich own or control economic resources/ control county or commuinity
121
In relation to class based domination theory, what coty is a good example of this and why?
Muncie Indiana, the ball mason jar family, who own ball state university, ymca hospital and reubvlican and emocratic parties in the area
122
What does local v absentee ownership state?
local- publicly held corporation
absentee- removed from the local source, do they have the intrests of the community in mind?
123
In 1983 ____% of local media was owned by _____ companies
90, 50 companies
124
In 2011 how many companies now control the media?
6
125
What media conglomerate owns the Richmond times dispatch?
newscorp
126
Rural news media tends to be more [liberal, modest, conservative]?
conservative
127
Is an absentee media company good or bad for community?
it depnds on how you view it but it could be bad because theyre taking away the jobs and also not really portraying the news of that local community
128
In relation to power and change, what are some ways to incease political capital in communities?
Local ownership/ public forums and town hall meetings
129
What is network analysis in relation to power and change?
A way to measure power ny looking at linkages between orgs and individuals considered to be important in the community
130
What is the growth machine?
A coalition of groups that set about to use power to encourage growth and capture its benefits for the community
131
the growth machine hopes to ____ community and ______ residents
build, attract
132
Who does the growth machine benefit?
the rentier class
133
Who was the author/ wht year of the growth machine?
Harvey Molotch, 1976
134
What is the rentier class?
those who receive their income from property
135
What does smart growth try and combat?
Urban sprawl and suburbanization
136
In relation to smart growth they try and create a _____ of ______ oppurtunities and choices
range, housing
137
In relation to smart growth, they try and create ______ neighborhoods
valuble
138
In relation to smart growth, they encourage _____ and ______ collaboration
community, stakeholder
139
In relation to smart growth, they hope to foster, ______ and ______ communities
distinctive, attractive
140
What is the spiral of silence and who authored it?
People who keep quiet about contrevisial issues when they think their opinions are not widely shared, German political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann.
141
What did the voter turnout look like in the 2012 presidential election for US and VA.
US= 57.5%
va= 66.4%
142
In relation to the voter turout from the 2000-2012 elections, small cities/// rural counties saw what percentage of decline?
small cities= 13.7%
rural counties= 18.3%
143
What political party do urban/ rural areas usually vote for?
democrat/ republican
144
In el dordo springs Missouri, what is the pop?
3,754
145
In el dordo springs Missouri, what is the racial makeup?
96% white
146
In el dordo springs Missouri, does it have high or low bonding?
high
147
In el dordo springs Missouri, they often _____ trust the government
do not
148
In el dordo springs Missouri what is the demographic make up there
whte, republican, christian
149
The tea party is conservative opposes fed gov t o f?
true
150
What demographics usually make up the tea party?
male rural and some college
151
What region is the tea party located in?
Mostly in the east but, largely spread out
152
IN 2012 va voter turnout was 66.7% but in 2013 it was?
80%`
153
Why was there a historic turnout in va in 2013?
reproductive rights
154
In the 2016 presidential primaries, Bernie won what region, and Hillary won what region?
mostly north for Bernie, mostly all deep south for Hillary
155
Non college educated whites are moving towards voting for?
trump
156
Non whites, ad college educated whites are indicated to vote for?
hillarry
157
VA Beach normally votes republican, but this time around they could ossibly vote ...?
dem
158
Normally va is a battleground state but this election it is not. t o f?
t
159
What state is now considered a battleground state?
NC
160
What town in NC has its republican office firebombed?
Hillsborough nc
161
What are the three major components of governance?
collaboration, sustained citizen engagement, and regional resource levarging
162
What is federalism?
power to tax, controls property and sales tax
163
What is participation government?
direct citizen participation
164
What is representative government?
election official, town council
165
What is a general purpose government?
Created to respond to general needs, paying taxes, etc
166
What is a special purpose gov?
created for specific community needs
167
What are some elements of unicorporated towns?
Counties thast provide service or in this case lkack them, like a post office fire or police department.
168
What is fiscal stress?
limited tax base is faced with increased need for services
169
What are progressive taxes?
rich get taxed more
170
what are regressive taxes?
middle and lower class get taxed more
171
What kind of taxes do small town rural areas have? (progressive, or regressive)
regressive
172
Flexible nmetworks of market, state and cicl society// engaging other local governments to coe to reolution and tourism as main source of income describes...?
Regional resources
173
Complex structures, some staffing positions unpaid, meeting fed standards and declining pop describes?
Public services
174
What areas was founded by freed slaves?
Bayview va
