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SOCY 391: Rural SOCIOLOGY > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

In relation to the Federal reserve banks study from 2012 on the rural-urban hierarchy Rural income is ______?

A

Decreasing.

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2
Q

Everything we talk about relates back to _____ which relates back to ____

A

Stratification, inequality

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3
Q

In relation to average annual expenditures of urban and rural households, what are both areas spending the most on?

A

Housing

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4
Q

In relation to average annual expenditures of urban and rural households, although both are spending the moston housing, where does it cost more to live?

A

Urban areas

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5
Q

In relation to average annual expenditures of urban and rural households, What is the 2nd most paid expenditure on?

A

Transportation

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6
Q

In relation to average annual expenditures of urban and rural households, what vehicles are more prevelant in rural areas?

A

Used cars and trucks

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7
Q

In relation to the Average annual entertainment expenditures of urban and rural households bot spent the most on _______

A

Audio and visual entertainment

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8
Q

Pets were spent on more in [Urban] or [Rural] areas?

A

Rural

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9
Q

What is a labor force?

A

All that are employed or seeking employment

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10
Q

What is the primary labor market?

A

Mostly professional jobs/ you more than likely nmeed educational attainment for that job

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11
Q

What is the secondary labor market?

A

More blue collar jobs, low status, low pay

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12
Q

What are ascribed charecteristics?

A

The charecterstics/ status you are born into, involuntarily

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13
Q

What are some examples of ascribed charecteristics?

A

race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, religion, wealth, disability

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14
Q

What are Achieved Charecterisitcs?

A

Achievements. charecteristics you obtain

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15
Q

What are some examples of achieved characteristics?

A

education, occupation, skills, hobby, family,

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16
Q

Based on the infographin the book, on real median household income by race, what racial group makes the highest, what group makews the lowest?

A

Highest- Asian americans

lowest- African americans

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17
Q

Based on the racial wealth gap, _______ characteristics already have an impact on your future income?

A

Ascribed

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18
Q

In realtion to labor markets, ascribed characteristics can have an impact on which labor market you fall into? t o f?

A

T- more afdrican americans fall into the secondary labor market or receive less income than other co worrkers of a different racial status

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19
Q

What is the formal and informal economy comparable to?

A

Primary and secondary labor markets

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20
Q

What is the formal economy?

A

Stable, full time, professional, gov. related

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21
Q

What is the informal economy?

A

Service sector, unstable, temporary.

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22
Q

What are some jobs that fall within the informal economy?

A

Restaurants, food, customer service, retail.

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23
Q

In relation to the workforce, women face forced discrimination of ______ and _______

A

Pay, hiring practices

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24
Q

Women are more likely to fall into the, formal or informal economy?

A

Informal economy

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25
Q

Income difference between men and women are $________. and, when you control for educational differences it becomes $________

A

11,000, 20,000

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26
Q

Because of discrimination in pay and hiring practices faced by women, their _____ characteristics are playing a huge role in their financial capital attainment

A

ascribed

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27
Q

What is the ratio(percentage) of pay between men and women?

A

77%

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28
Q

In relation to the gender pay gap, what part of va had the best pay ratio?

A

best- NOVA

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29
Q

What region had the worst gender pay ratio in the VA?

A

Appalachia

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30
Q

What part of the US has the worst gender pay ratio/ what is the ratio?

A

Louisiana w/ 50%

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31
Q

What is an opportunity structure determined by?

A

Something that is determined by what types of opportunities, jobs are there/ available

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32
Q

In relation to education, rural schools have seen what since the 1940’s?

A

A decline in public schools

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33
Q

In relation to education, what elements have played a key role in the decline in rural public schools?

A

consolidation and redistricting. private schools, rich families leaving the areas and taking th tax base with them which leads to worse schools because of less funding

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34
Q

Schools who have better supplies and resources are in areas where the property tax is _______

A

Higher

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35
Q

Because of the decline in public schools in rural areas, what does Fayette co, WV show us are some sonsequences?

A

Tearing down the school and making kids ride 2 hours to another school to consolidate because of the lack of funding and ability to pay for the school/resources for sthe school.

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36
Q

In relation to high school graduation, the highest/lowest graduation rate is in what region?

A

Highest- north

lowest- south (Kentucky, southwestern va

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37
Q

Ohio has few major cities and the rest is sparse however, their graduation rates are ______

A

good/ high

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38
Q

What did the graduation rates look like for the class of 2015 in VA?

A

90.5% (2013 GRAD RATES)

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39
Q

In relation to rural education, during the early to mid 2000’s rural publics schools test scores were ______ but in the 2010-now era they were ______

A

Proficient sometimes even scoring better than rural areas//// falling behind because of online standardized testing.

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40
Q

What is the one exception to rural areas test scores?

A

Ohio

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41
Q

In relation to rural education, what would explain the reasoning for rural students falling behind with online testing? why is ohio an exception?

A

Lack of funding/ access to computer/computer labs/ compuer training skills. Ohio is an exception because they setaside funding for computer skills trainings

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42
Q

Befroe we had common core we had? Who was the champion of the latter answer?

A

No child left behind, by geriorge w bush

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43
Q

What is the common core?

A

a widespread standardized education changing the way a student is taught and tested on subjects

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44
Q

The common core is royally failing? T O F?

A

True

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45
Q

Under the common core, students would get marks off if they did not complete a question the common core way? T O F?

A

True.

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46
Q

What are the results of of the common core?

A

Kids are getting left behind even more

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47
Q

In relation to rural school districts with the highest poverty rates, what Is the notorious name for the top 10% poorest districts?

A

Rural 800

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48
Q

Where are the rural 800 most concentrated?

A

South. mostly Kentucky and west va

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49
Q

What is poverty?

A

Living below the line designated by the government which says you have an income to meet your basic needs.

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50
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A

the lack of one or more basic needs over a period long enough that it endangers your life or can cause it harm

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51
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

It is relative, your definition of poverty, ca change from person to person

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52
Q

In 2015, what was the poverty rate for the us?

A

13.5%

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53
Q

Poverty is higher among what demographics?

A

Women and children, minorities, and rural counties

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54
Q

Children who live with grandparents face _____X the risk of living in poverty(true for both rural and urban)

A

3x

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55
Q

Who is the most likely to live in poverty? who is the 2nd to most?

A

1- rural children

2- urban children

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56
Q

The ssouth has the ___ poverty out of any other region?

A

most

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57
Q

In relation to poverty in the south, what are the percnetages of poverty for non metro and metro areas

A

non metro- 21.7%

metro- 15.9%

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58
Q

As stated before the south has the most poverty out of any other region, but what are the regions that follow after it?

A

west, miswest, than the least being the northeast

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59
Q

What year was the war on poverty declared?

A

1960

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60
Q

Appalachin poverty is ____X higher than the national average

A

1.5

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61
Q

In relation to appalachin poverty, in 1960 the region had ____ high poverty counties, and in 2010 there were ____ high poverty counties in the region

A

296

116

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62
Q

In relation to the cost of living if you has $100, what are the most valuble/ least valuble places

A

most- west va, Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi

least- NY, CALI, ALASKA HAWII

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63
Q

What are the poverty rates (percentages) for rural v urban areas?

A

rural- 18.2%

urban- 27%

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64
Q

What are the poverty rates (percentages) for rural children?

A

27%

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65
Q

Rural employed poor are ______ to stay in poverty than inner city employed poor. reasons?

A

much more likely/ lack of opportunity strcuture

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66
Q

In relation to less oppurtunities, why don’t people just move/leave?

A

It’s not easy, you need a support system, and MONEY to leave

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67
Q

What are Health issues?

A

The degree of your disability

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68
Q

What are determinants of your health status?

A

Physical and mental conditions/ acute or chronic

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69
Q

What factors determine your eligibility for medicare//// medicad?

A

Medicare- over 65

medicad- poverty level

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70
Q

What is the percentage of rural dual eligibility? ( medicare/medicad)

A

17.9%

71
Q

What is the affordable care act?

A

Put in place by Obama to get more people health insurance/ health care.

72
Q

In relation to health issues, rural residents were ______ likely to have public coverage and less likely to have ____ than meteropolitan residents?

A

More// ESI

73
Q

What is the percentage breakdown in rural areas of those, UNINSURED ______// EMPLOYER BASED//// MEDICAD/// OTHER PUBLIC/// OTHER PRIVATE

A

Uninsured- 18%

employer- 51%

medicad-21%

other public- 4%

other private 6%

74
Q

What is the percentage breakdown in Urban areas of those, UNINSURED ______// EMPLOYER BASED//// MEDICAD/// OTHER PUBLIC/// OTHER PRIVATE

A

uninsured- 18%

medicad- 16%

employer based- 57%

other private- 6%

other public- 3%

75
Q

In relation to health issues, why is access to quality health services an issue in rural areas?

A

Might take awhile to drive to hospital or might take awhil for abulence to get there

76
Q

What city/state has created a community paramedic project?

A

Abeville, sc

77
Q

What are critical access hospitals?

A

Hospitals at least 35 miles away from another hospital. Critical access hospital (CAH) is a rural primary health care hospital that gives limited outpatient and inpatient hospital services to people in rural areas

78
Q

Where are the highest concentration of critical access hospitals?

A

Midwest, northeast

79
Q

Where are the highest conbcentration of rural health clinics?

A

Midwest/ southeast

80
Q

Who founded remote area medical, and what is their mission?

A

Stan brock startedit, set up pop shop with doctors to service areas with v little resources

81
Q

In relation to health issues, what are some unhealthy behavior?

A

Not going to the doctor

82
Q

In relation to healtyh issues, what are some problems that arise fom unhealthy food?

A

Food deserts, obiesity

83
Q

IN relation to HIV Prevelance, where are the highest levels located?

A

In rrural and urban areas in the south

84
Q

What type of capital does the well beig index by state measure?

A

Human capital

85
Q

What does the well being index take into account?

A

Who’s insured, health- mental and physical, unemplpyment, obiesity, food desrts

86
Q

What region falls in the top/ bottom quintile for well being?

A

top Midwest

bottom- Appalachia

87
Q

In relation to the 2015 well being index what were the top 5 states?

A
  1. Hawii
  2. Alaska
  3. montana
  4. Colorado
  5. Wyoming
88
Q

What were the urban/ rural obiesity rates in 1998 v 2000’s

A

urban- 1998- 17.8% 2000- 33.4%

rural 20.4%, 39.6%

89
Q

wHY DO RURAL ARERAS HAVE HIGHER OBIESITY RATES?

A

Food deserts, less money, fast food, distance, affordability, convenience

90
Q

What area has the hghest percentage of working age amricans with missing teeth?

A

West va w/ 20%

91
Q

The ____ rates are higher in rural counties, almost double

A

sucide

92
Q

Almost ____ the risk of sexual assult for women

A

triple

93
Q

In rural areas there is a ____ premature death rate

A

higher

94
Q

Who has the highest premature death rate, who follows

A
  1. pine ridge indian reservation

2. appalachiann counties

95
Q

How many meth labs were there in rural areas I 1998 v 2003-

A

949, 9,385

96
Q

Meth labs are located primarialy in which region?

A

Midwest areas

97
Q

Core trump supporter are typically _____ and _____

A

White and working class

98
Q

What are white working class voters political views?

A

23% dem 10% lean dem 9%- non lean independent 20% lean republican 35% republican

99
Q

In relation to a 2016 cnn data analysis, ___% of white working class think children will be worse off than them

A

50

100
Q

In relation to a 2016 cnn data analysis, when asked “how well does the gov represent your view” ___% of white working class said not much

A

56

101
Q

In relation to a 2016 cnn data analysis, when asked if immigrants burden the country ____% of white working class aid yes

A

47

102
Q

53% of whiote working class citrizens say immigrants from muslim countries increase teroor risk. t of?

A

true

103
Q

68% of white working class ssay they will ot consider voting for hillarry? 60% thinking of voting for trump t o f?

A

true

104
Q

What is Political capital?

A

Rules regultions, resources distributions, organization, power ofccitizens// mobilize the norms and values into legal standards

105
Q

In relation to police violence and crime reporting, a new study out of milauke found that after death of frank jude there was a ___% decrease in crime reporting in that areas

A

17%

106
Q

What is power?

A

Ability to make or prevent something from happening

107
Q

What is community power?

A

Ability to affect distribution of resporcews both public and private

108
Q

Power is _____

A

socially constructed

109
Q

What is social control?

A

Exercising powr

110
Q

What are sanctions?

A

Formal informal, positive negative.

111
Q

What are formal sanctins?

A

RULES AND LAWS, REAL CONSEUENCES

112
Q

What are informal sanctions?

A

Reinforcement of norms/ keepin each other in check

113
Q

What are positive informal sanctions?

A

gaining mor friends

114
Q

In relation to Power by Domination, what are the three major aspects to this theory?

A
  1. cHARASMATIC- Something about this person makes them good leader
  2. Traditional- Traditional// passed down
  3. Legal/rational
115
Q

What is the pluralst theory of power?

A

There is power in different groupos, no dominant group , town meetings, town meeting democracy

116
Q

What does Ashfield, Mass have that makes it so unique?

A

Open town meetings, self governing

117
Q

What does the power elite theory by c wright mills state?

A

Small dominanting group of business gov and military leaders/ elitism

118
Q

What is elitism?

A

Stratification syatem

119
Q

In relation to the power elite theory, one major theme is who controls the _______

A

Public agenda

120
Q

What does a class based domination theory state?

A

The rich own or control economic resources/ control county or commuinity

121
Q

In relation to class based domination theory, what coty is a good example of this and why?

A

Muncie Indiana, the ball mason jar family, who own ball state university, ymca hospital and reubvlican and emocratic parties in the area

122
Q

What does local v absentee ownership state?

A

local- publicly held corporation

absentee- removed from the local source, do they have the intrests of the community in mind?

123
Q

In 1983 ____% of local media was owned by _____ companies

A

90, 50 companies

124
Q

In 2011 how many companies now control the media?

A

6

125
Q

What media conglomerate owns the Richmond times dispatch?

A

newscorp

126
Q

Rural news media tends to be more [liberal, modest, conservative]?

A

conservative

127
Q

Is an absentee media company good or bad for community?

A

it depnds on how you view it but it could be bad because theyre taking away the jobs and also not really portraying the news of that local community

128
Q

In relation to power and change, what are some ways to incease political capital in communities?

A

Local ownership/ public forums and town hall meetings

129
Q

What is network analysis in relation to power and change?

A

A way to measure power ny looking at linkages between orgs and individuals considered to be important in the community

130
Q

What is the growth machine?

A

A coalition of groups that set about to use power to encourage growth and capture its benefits for the community

131
Q

the growth machine hopes to ____ community and ______ residents

A

build, attract

132
Q

Who does the growth machine benefit?

A

the rentier class

133
Q

Who was the author/ wht year of the growth machine?

A

Harvey Molotch, 1976

134
Q

What is the rentier class?

A

those who receive their income from property

135
Q

What does smart growth try and combat?

A

Urban sprawl and suburbanization

136
Q

In relation to smart growth they try and create a _____ of ______ oppurtunities and choices

A

range, housing

137
Q

In relation to smart growth, they try and create ______ neighborhoods

A

valuble

138
Q

In relation to smart growth, they encourage _____ and ______ collaboration

A

community, stakeholder

139
Q

In relation to smart growth, they hope to foster, ______ and ______ communities

A

distinctive, attractive

140
Q

What is the spiral of silence and who authored it?

A

People who keep quiet about contrevisial issues when they think their opinions are not widely shared, German political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann.

141
Q

What did the voter turnout look like in the 2012 presidential election for US and VA.

A

US= 57.5%

va= 66.4%

142
Q

In relation to the voter turout from the 2000-2012 elections, small cities/// rural counties saw what percentage of decline?

A

small cities= 13.7%

rural counties= 18.3%

143
Q

What political party do urban/ rural areas usually vote for?

A

democrat/ republican

144
Q

In el dordo springs Missouri, what is the pop?

A

3,754

145
Q

In el dordo springs Missouri, what is the racial makeup?

A

96% white

146
Q

In el dordo springs Missouri, does it have high or low bonding?

A

high

147
Q

In el dordo springs Missouri, they often _____ trust the government

A

do not

148
Q

In el dordo springs Missouri what is the demographic make up there

A

whte, republican, christian

149
Q

The tea party is conservative opposes fed gov t o f?

A

true

150
Q

What demographics usually make up the tea party?

A

male rural and some college

151
Q

What region is the tea party located in?

A

Mostly in the east but, largely spread out

152
Q

IN 2012 va voter turnout was 66.7% but in 2013 it was?

A

80%`

153
Q

Why was there a historic turnout in va in 2013?

A

reproductive rights

154
Q

In the 2016 presidential primaries, Bernie won what region, and Hillary won what region?

A

mostly north for Bernie, mostly all deep south for Hillary

155
Q

Non college educated whites are moving towards voting for?

A

trump

156
Q

Non whites, ad college educated whites are indicated to vote for?

A

hillarry

157
Q

VA Beach normally votes republican, but this time around they could ossibly vote …?

A

dem

158
Q

Normally va is a battleground state but this election it is not. t o f?

A

t

159
Q

What state is now considered a battleground state?

A

NC

160
Q

What town in NC has its republican office firebombed?

A

Hillsborough nc

161
Q

What are the three major components of governance?

A

collaboration, sustained citizen engagement, and regional resource levarging

162
Q

What is federalism?

A

power to tax, controls property and sales tax

163
Q

What is participation government?

A

direct citizen participation

164
Q

What is representative government?

A

election official, town council

165
Q

What is a general purpose government?

A

Created to respond to general needs, paying taxes, etc

166
Q

What is a special purpose gov?

A

created for specific community needs

167
Q

What are some elements of unicorporated towns?

A

Counties thast provide service or in this case lkack them, like a post office fire or police department.

168
Q

What is fiscal stress?

A

limited tax base is faced with increased need for services

169
Q

What are progressive taxes?

A

rich get taxed more

170
Q

what are regressive taxes?

A

middle and lower class get taxed more

171
Q

What kind of taxes do small town rural areas have? (progressive, or regressive)

A

regressive

172
Q

Flexible nmetworks of market, state and cicl society// engaging other local governments to coe to reolution and tourism as main source of income describes…?

A

Regional resources

173
Q

Complex structures, some staffing positions unpaid, meeting fed standards and declining pop describes?

A

Public services

174
Q

What areas was founded by freed slaves?

A

Bayview va

SOCY 391: Rural SOCIOLOGY (3 decks)

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