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Nur 101 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Nutrition and metabolic influenced by?

A
  • Evolves from infancy to adulthood

- ethnic heritage, experiences (+/-), media, and community resources

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2
Q

Why is nutrition and metabolic GFHP important?

A
  1. Deficiencies may explain other problems
  2. Fluid intake important
  3. Problems related to underweight/ obese
  4. Skin line of 1st defense against infection
  5. HC treatment may interfere with cell metaboils
  6. Consumers protected by governmental regulations (safe food handling)
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3
Q

What do nutrients do?

A

Supply the body with necessary elements for gowth maintenance and repair

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4
Q

What do carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol do?

A

provide energy and support the metabolic processes

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5
Q

What is used for tissue building?

A

essential nutrients, water, electrolytes, minerals, vitamins and protein

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6
Q

What is the daily calorie requirement for men?

A

2800

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7
Q

What is the daily calorie requirement for women?

A

2000

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8
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

the main energy source: 1 gram =4 kcal energy

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9
Q

What are sources for CHO?

A

Fruits, vegetable, grains, milk.

Should account for 55-60% total calories

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10
Q

What are proteins?

A

They are essential in growth and repair of tissue.
20 amino acids exist
10= essential amino acids (animal food)
1 gram = 4kcal energy and accounts for 15-20% of calories

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11
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

not synthesized by the body

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12
Q

How many essential amino acids does complete protein food have?

A

all 10

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13
Q

What are fats?

A

Main source of fatty acids, essential for gowth and development. Other functions are hormones, tissue structure, nerve impluse, insulation, protection

1 gram = 9kcal energy
25-30% calorie intake

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14
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The process of producing and using energy within body cells

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15
Q

What is metabolism fueled by?

A

Energy produced, energy used, and needs to be balanced for health

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16
Q

What plays a major role in metabolism?

A

Thyroid hormones

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17
Q

What are the two ways energy is used in the body?

A

To maintain essential life processes and to support nonessential life activities

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18
Q

What are some essential life processes?

A

breathing, circulating, and nervous system function

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19
Q

What are some nonessential life activities?

A

running, thinking, working, handling stress, and some energy is used for digestion and absorption

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20
Q

What is the Basal Metabolic Rate?

A

The amount of energy requireed for essential life processes.

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21
Q

When is the Basal Metabolic Rate measured?

A

When the body is physically, metabolically, and emotionally at rest

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22
Q

What is the Basal Metabolic Rate influenced by?

A
  • activity
  • homonal imbalance
  • temperature
  • stress
  • illness
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23
Q

What is anabolism?

A
  • Cell building
  • Excess stored as fat (adipose) and can be used for body needs if nutritional intake is not sufficient
  • Fat excess = weight gain
24
Q

What is a normal BMI?

A

18.5-24.9

25
Q

What is catabolism?

A

-Breaking down of cells and tissues
-Necessary for a constant source of energy: excess = decreased weight, continued excess = muscle wasting.
Examples: vomiting and diarrhea

26
Q

What is ingestion?

A

nutrients taken into the Gastrointestinal tract

27
Q

What is Digestion?

A

Breakdown of ingested nutrients in the GI tract so it can be absorbed by the body

28
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

In the mouth (chewing, saliva), peristalsis to the stomach (major digestive area) with other chemicals to further breakdown nutrients

29
Q

What happens when the food is in the small intestines?

A

secretions from the pancrease, liver, gallbladder, intestinal wall completes the digestive process

30
Q

What is absorption?

A

passage of digested foods from the GI tract to the blood or lymph circulation.

31
Q

Where is blood channeled to and why?

A

the liver so metabolic processes can occur

32
Q

Where are most nutrients and electrolytes absorbed?

A

Small intestines

33
Q

What is transport?

A

The movement of nutrients across the cell membrane

34
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The final process of nutrition and it is when energy is produced and used in the body cells

35
Q

What does it mean to have positive balance for metabolism?

A

More consumed than excreted. There is an increase in demand during times of pregnancy, growing, and kids. This is also known as catabolic state

36
Q

What does it mean to have negative balance for metabolism?

A

Intake is less than output. Loss of protein in the form of muscle and other tissue. Metabolic demands are not met, aka catabolic state

37
Q

What are some lab tests used during an assessment for metabolism?

A
  • 24 hour urine specimen
  • BUN test (blood urea nitrogen- kidney function)
  • 24 hour food intake looking at protein and nitrogen intake (calorie count)
  • Albumin and protein(liver and kidney) blood tests are done to assess for deficiency
38
Q

What is skin?

A

physical barrier

39
Q

What does skin do?

A

protects underlying tissues, organs from microorganisms, trauma, UV radiation, and dehydration

40
Q

What does skin play a role in?

A

Maintaining temperature, fluid balance, absorption, excreetion, immunity, Vitamin D synthesis, and identification of one’s appearance

41
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The outer layer, skin color, check if its intact

42
Q

What is the dermis?

A

connective tissue and blood vessels. Helps strengthen skin

43
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer?

A

connective tissue, infitrated with fat, blood vessels, nerves, and glands

44
Q

What are pressure sores?

A

Skin deprived of oxygen- blood

45
Q

Describe a stage 1 pressure ulcers:

A
  • Blood stasis
  • Redness not relieved by massage or pressure relief
  • Warm to touch
46
Q

Describe a stage 2 pressure ulcers:

A
  • Epidermal loss, possible damage to dermis
  • Moist & depressed skin erosion, abrasion, blister or shallow crater
  • Can heal okay r/t no blood vessel damage
47
Q

Describe stage 3 pressure ulcers:

A
  • Full thickness skin loss
  • ulcer can extend to the subcutaneous layer
  • Sero-sanguinous or purulent drainage is common (smell)
  • Healing time is longer and needs regranulation
48
Q

Describe stage 4 pressure ulcers:

A
  • Full thickness, deep into connective tissue, muscle, bone
  • May have necrosis (black)
  • Need adequate protein and albumin levels for healing
  • Healthing time is longer
  • May need debribement
49
Q

What are 2 types of debribement?

A
  1. Cut away necrotic tissue

2. Wet to dry dressing changes

50
Q

Stage 2 wound healing:

A

Heal by primary intention, minimal tissue loss, epidermis damaged, no blood vessels interupted, short time to heal

51
Q

What are the three phases of healing in a stage 2 wound?

A
  1. Epithelial migration
  2. Cell division (Mitosis)
  3. Differentiation of new epidermis
52
Q

Stage 3 or 4 wound healing:

A

Heal by secondary intention, all 3 layers of skin tissue damaged, tissue regeneration and repair is necessary, new tissue is granulation tissue

53
Q

What are the three phases of healing in a stage 3 or 4 wound?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Granulation and tissue production
  3. Matrix formation and remodeling
54
Q

What are some factors affecting would healing?

A

Nutritional status, adipose tissue, age, diabetes mellitus, medications, radiation therapy, infection, oxygen, blood supply, lymphatics

55
Q

What do you need for wound healing?

A

adequate proteins, normal albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and transferrin levels.

Nur 101 (1 decks)

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