Test 2 Flashcards
What is Nutrition and metabolic influenced by?
- Evolves from infancy to adulthood
- ethnic heritage, experiences (+/-), media, and community resources
Why is nutrition and metabolic GFHP important?
- Deficiencies may explain other problems
- Fluid intake important
- Problems related to underweight/ obese
- Skin line of 1st defense against infection
- HC treatment may interfere with cell metaboils
- Consumers protected by governmental regulations (safe food handling)
What do nutrients do?
Supply the body with necessary elements for gowth maintenance and repair
What do carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol do?
provide energy and support the metabolic processes
What is used for tissue building?
essential nutrients, water, electrolytes, minerals, vitamins and protein
What is the daily calorie requirement for men?
2800
What is the daily calorie requirement for women?
2000
What are carbohydrates?
the main energy source: 1 gram =4 kcal energy
What are sources for CHO?
Fruits, vegetable, grains, milk.
Should account for 55-60% total calories
What are proteins?
They are essential in growth and repair of tissue.
20 amino acids exist
10= essential amino acids (animal food)
1 gram = 4kcal energy and accounts for 15-20% of calories
What are essential amino acids?
not synthesized by the body
How many essential amino acids does complete protein food have?
all 10
What are fats?
Main source of fatty acids, essential for gowth and development. Other functions are hormones, tissue structure, nerve impluse, insulation, protection
1 gram = 9kcal energy
25-30% calorie intake
What is metabolism?
The process of producing and using energy within body cells
What is metabolism fueled by?
Energy produced, energy used, and needs to be balanced for health
What plays a major role in metabolism?
Thyroid hormones
What are the two ways energy is used in the body?
To maintain essential life processes and to support nonessential life activities
What are some essential life processes?
breathing, circulating, and nervous system function
What are some nonessential life activities?
running, thinking, working, handling stress, and some energy is used for digestion and absorption
What is the Basal Metabolic Rate?
The amount of energy requireed for essential life processes.
When is the Basal Metabolic Rate measured?
When the body is physically, metabolically, and emotionally at rest
What is the Basal Metabolic Rate influenced by?
- activity
- homonal imbalance
- temperature
- stress
- illness
What is anabolism?
- Cell building
- Excess stored as fat (adipose) and can be used for body needs if nutritional intake is not sufficient
- Fat excess = weight gain
What is a normal BMI?
18.5-24.9
What is catabolism?
-Breaking down of cells and tissues
-Necessary for a constant source of energy: excess = decreased weight, continued excess = muscle wasting.
Examples: vomiting and diarrhea
What is ingestion?
nutrients taken into the Gastrointestinal tract
What is Digestion?
Breakdown of ingested nutrients in the GI tract so it can be absorbed by the body
Where does digestion begin?
In the mouth (chewing, saliva), peristalsis to the stomach (major digestive area) with other chemicals to further breakdown nutrients
What happens when the food is in the small intestines?
secretions from the pancrease, liver, gallbladder, intestinal wall completes the digestive process
What is absorption?
passage of digested foods from the GI tract to the blood or lymph circulation.
Where is blood channeled to and why?
the liver so metabolic processes can occur
Where are most nutrients and electrolytes absorbed?
Small intestines
What is transport?
The movement of nutrients across the cell membrane
What is metabolism?
The final process of nutrition and it is when energy is produced and used in the body cells
What does it mean to have positive balance for metabolism?
More consumed than excreted. There is an increase in demand during times of pregnancy, growing, and kids. This is also known as catabolic state
What does it mean to have negative balance for metabolism?
Intake is less than output. Loss of protein in the form of muscle and other tissue. Metabolic demands are not met, aka catabolic state
What are some lab tests used during an assessment for metabolism?
- 24 hour urine specimen
- BUN test (blood urea nitrogen- kidney function)
- 24 hour food intake looking at protein and nitrogen intake (calorie count)
- Albumin and protein(liver and kidney) blood tests are done to assess for deficiency
What is skin?
physical barrier
What does skin do?
protects underlying tissues, organs from microorganisms, trauma, UV radiation, and dehydration
What does skin play a role in?
Maintaining temperature, fluid balance, absorption, excreetion, immunity, Vitamin D synthesis, and identification of one’s appearance
What is the epidermis?
The outer layer, skin color, check if its intact
What is the dermis?
connective tissue and blood vessels. Helps strengthen skin
What is the subcutaneous layer?
connective tissue, infitrated with fat, blood vessels, nerves, and glands
What are pressure sores?
Skin deprived of oxygen- blood
Describe a stage 1 pressure ulcers:
- Blood stasis
- Redness not relieved by massage or pressure relief
- Warm to touch
Describe a stage 2 pressure ulcers:
- Epidermal loss, possible damage to dermis
- Moist & depressed skin erosion, abrasion, blister or shallow crater
- Can heal okay r/t no blood vessel damage
Describe stage 3 pressure ulcers:
- Full thickness skin loss
- ulcer can extend to the subcutaneous layer
- Sero-sanguinous or purulent drainage is common (smell)
- Healing time is longer and needs regranulation
Describe stage 4 pressure ulcers:
- Full thickness, deep into connective tissue, muscle, bone
- May have necrosis (black)
- Need adequate protein and albumin levels for healing
- Healthing time is longer
- May need debribement
What are 2 types of debribement?
- Cut away necrotic tissue
2. Wet to dry dressing changes
Stage 2 wound healing:
Heal by primary intention, minimal tissue loss, epidermis damaged, no blood vessels interupted, short time to heal
What are the three phases of healing in a stage 2 wound?
- Epithelial migration
- Cell division (Mitosis)
- Differentiation of new epidermis
Stage 3 or 4 wound healing:
Heal by secondary intention, all 3 layers of skin tissue damaged, tissue regeneration and repair is necessary, new tissue is granulation tissue
What are the three phases of healing in a stage 3 or 4 wound?
- Inflammation
- Granulation and tissue production
- Matrix formation and remodeling
What are some factors affecting would healing?
Nutritional status, adipose tissue, age, diabetes mellitus, medications, radiation therapy, infection, oxygen, blood supply, lymphatics
What do you need for wound healing?
adequate proteins, normal albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and transferrin levels.
