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Biology- Intro to neuroscience > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Presynaptic

A

referring to the component of a synapse specialized for transmitter release. UPSTREAM of a synapse.

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2
Q

Postsynaptic

A

referring to the component of a synapse specialized for transmitter reception. DOWNSTREAM of a synapse

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3
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

substance released by synaptic terminals for the purpose of transmitting info from one nerve cell to another

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4
Q

synapse

A

specialized opposition between a neuron and its target cell for transmission of info by release and reception of a chemical transmitter agent.

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5
Q

axon

A

the neuronal process that carries the action potential from the nerve cell body to a target

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6
Q

Neurotransmission

A

process in which a substance is released by synaptic terminals for the purpose of transmitting info from one nerve cell to another

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7
Q

neurons

A

cells specialized for the conduction and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system

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8
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

synapse that decreases the likelihood of the downstream neuron sending an action potential

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9
Q

excitatory synapse

A

a synapse that increases the likelihood of the downstream neuron sending a signal (action potential)

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10
Q

(Auditory)

Middle Ear

A

convey and amplify sound waves

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11
Q

(Auditory)

Inner Ear

A

translate sound waves into nerve impulses

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12
Q

(auditory)

Amplitude

A

magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave

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13
Q

(auditory)

Outer Ear

A
  • Pinna
  • auditory canal
  • eardrum (tympanic membrane)
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14
Q

(Auditory)

Middle Ear

A

Ossicles: 3 tiny bones

  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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15
Q

(Auditory)

Inner Ear

A
  • semicircular canals
    - sensory organs involved in balance
  • cochlea
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16
Q

(Auditory)

Pitch

A

psychological aspect of sound related to the fundamental frequency

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17
Q

(Auditory)

Loudness

A

psychological aspect of sound related to magnitude

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18
Q

Outer Ear

A

Picks up sound waves in the environment

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19
Q

frequency

A

number of times per second a pattern of pressure change repeats

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20
Q

Probiotic

A

denoting a substance that stimulates the growth of microorganisms, especially those w/ beneficial properties (such as those of the intestinal flora)

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21
Q

agnosia

A

inability to name objects

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22
Q

Aphasia

A

difficulty comprehending language due to damage in Broca’s or Wernicke’s area (or others)

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23
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

temporal lobe are that mediates language comprehension

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24
Q

Broca’s Area

A

frontal lobe are specialized in the production of language

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25
Q

Map

A

the ordered projection of AXONS from one region of the nervous system to another, by which the organization of the body (or some function) is reflected in the organization of the nervous system

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26
Q

tonotopic map

A

the topographic mapping of frequency across the surface of a structure, which originates in the cochlea and is preserved in ascending auditory structures

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27
Q

somatotopic map

A

cortical or subcortical arrangements of the sensory pathways that reflect the organization of the body

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28
Q

retinotopic map

A

the two dimensional representation of the retinal image in the neurons of the primary visual cortex

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29
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of the temporal lobe involved in the consolidation of short-term memories into long-term memories (cortex)

30
Q

ion channel

A

integral membrane proteins possessing pores that allow certain ions to diffuse across cell membranes, thereby conferring selective ionic permeability

31
Q

action potential

A

the electrical signal conducted along axons (or muscle fibers) by which info is conveyed from one place to another in the nervous system.

32
Q

ion

A

an atom or molecule w/ a net electrical charge

33
Q

learning

A

the acquisition of novel behavior through experience

34
Q

memory

A

the faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information

35
Q

molecular basis of memory

A

strengthening or weakening of synapses

36
Q

cellular basis of memory

A

altering the interconnections between neurons

37
Q

synaptic bouton

A

a swelling specialized for the release of neurotransmitter that occurs at the end (or along) an axon-pre-synaptic (before synaptic cleft)

Also Known As an axon terminal or terminal boutons

38
Q

receptor

A

a molecule specialized to bind any one of a large number of chemical signals, preeminently neurotransmitters.

39
Q

ionotropic receptor

A

receptors in which the ion channel is an integral part of the receptor molecule (as of course is the ligand binding site)

Also known as ligand gated ion channel

40
Q

ligand gated ion channel

A

a large group of neurotransmitter receptors that combine receptor and ion channels functions into a single molecule

-presence of ligand allows ion flow “gating” (controlling the passage of)

41
Q

ligand

A

a molecule that binds to another (usually large) molecule

42
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

receptors in which the ligand binding site is an integral part of the receptor molecule but the receptor is only indirectly linked to an ion channel.

-AKA: G-protein-coupled-receptors- the intracellular signaling pathways use G-proteins. Also known as 7 transmembrane receptors

43
Q

ionotropic

A

direct effect on ion flow, effects fast and brief

  • ions flow through the receptor
  • most fast receptors are of this type
44
Q

metabotropic

A

indirect effects of ion flow

  • conformational change transmits info across the membrane
  • often involve biochemical cascades that can affect many processes
  • can be longer lasting
45
Q

voltage sensitive sodium channels

A

allows ion flow in response to membrane depolarization

46
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

periodic gaps in the myelin of axons where action potentials are generated

47
Q

salutatory conduction

A

mechanism of action potential propagation in myelinated axons; so named because action potentials “jump” from 1 node of Ranvier to the next due to generation of action potentials only at these sites

48
Q

voltage gated CA++ channel

A

Influx of CA++ synapse causes vesicles to fuse w/ the membrane and release neurotransmitter

49
Q

agonist

A

substance that binds to a receptor and activates it

50
Q

antagonist

A

substance that binds t o receptor and prevents its activation

51
Q

fast excitatory

A

neurotransmitter typically binds to an ionotropic receptor on the post-synaptic membrane activating a single neuron

  • glutamate is a key ex. in the brain
  • glutamate synapses can be readily strengthened or weakened
  • acetylcholine is used at the neuromuscular junction
52
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

the synapse made by a motor neuron on a muscular fiber

53
Q

fast inhibitory

A

rapidly inhibit target neurons via ion channel

  • GABA is the main brain inhibitor, glycine in the spinal cord
  • sedatives typically enhance GABA signaling
54
Q

slow neuromodulators

A

typically small proteins acting via GPCRs that change neural activity for longer periods, often in multiple neurons

-dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine (adrenaline)

55
Q

resting potential

A

the electrical differences across the cell membrane of -milli volts that result from the action of the Na+/ K+ pump

56
Q

polarized

A

there’s an electrical difference across the cell membrane

57
Q

depolarization

A

displacement of cell’s membrane potential to a less negative value

58
Q

hyperpolarization

A

displacement of cell’s membrane potential to a more negative value

59
Q

ligand gated channel

A

activation by ligand binding such as a neurotransmitter allows ion flow across the membrane

60
Q

voltage gated channel

A

activated by changes in the membrane potential allowing ion flow across the membrane

61
Q

axon hillock

A

swelling at the body junction of the neural cell body (soma) and the start of the axon. Starting point for action potentials.

62
Q

action potential characteristics

A
  • self regenerating
  • all or no change in voltage
  • propagates from axon hillock ( cell body)
  • induces synaptic transmission
63
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter

A

depolarizes target neuron

-glutamate allows Na+ and Ca++ influx

64
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

hyperpolarizes target neuron

-GABA allows CI ion influx

65
Q

neurotransmitter recovery or degradation mechanisms

A

diffusion: away from synapse
reuptake: neurotransmitter reenters presynaptic axon terminal
- enzymatic destruction inside terminal cytosol inside terminal cytosol or synaptic cleft

66
Q

tetrodotoxin

A

an alkaloid neurotoxin, produced by certain puffer fish, tropical frogs, and salamanders, that selectively blocks voltage-sensitive Na+ channels

67
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

small molecule excitatory neurotransmitter that acts at motor neuron synapses. Also acts in the autonomic nervous system ( unconscious functions such as breathing, digestion) and modulates synapses in the brain (important in Alzheimer disease)

68
Q

glutamate

A

amino acid that is predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

69
Q

GABA

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (technically an amino acid)

70
Q

excitotoxicity

A

cell death resulting from the toxic actions of excitatory amino acids such as glutamate. Progression of hyper excitability, excitotoxicity, cell death. elevated calcium levels trigger cell death enzymes.

Biology- Intro to neuroscience (1 decks)

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