Test 2 Flashcards
Leboyer
Underwater birth; invented to make birth easier for mother; tub of warm water relaxes the body; less likely to have episiotomy; have obstetrician, midwife, and doulas; plan in place ICE to get to hospital
Birthing center
Your own cozy room for your family, midwife, obstetrician, doulas
Doula
Physical, emotional support
Nurse midwife
They only do pregnancy and birth
Cesarean delivery
C section; still risks, very common now
Induced labor
Pitocin (synthetic oxytocin: love hormone); falling in love with newborn; in mother and father
Placenta abruptio
Placenta detaches before birth, cutting off babies source of oxygen; leads to emergency c section; contractions push baby and placenta out which can detach the placenta before birth
Placenta previa
Blocks cervix; the placenta is supposed to be at the top of the uterus, in this case it is near the birth canal blocking the exit –> emergency c section
Fetal monitoring strap
Electrode
Breech position
Any position except for headfirst; midwives and obstetricians will try to reposition the baby from the outside
Episiotomy
Perineum; cut by doctor
Anoxia
Insufficient oxygen (any reason)
Signs of impending birth
Water breaking, bleeding, regular contractions
Stage one of birth
Labor (12 hours for 1st birth); oxytocin released by pituitary; CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) released by placenta; later births are half time
Stage 2
Delivery; 30-60 minutes; come facing down, then turn
Stage 3
Delivery of placenta; 5-30 minutes; placenta is about the same size as a baby (avg. baby is 7.5-8lbs)
Postpartum depression
Loss of placenta and hormones; only to women who are predisposed to depression experience this
Uses for placenta after birth
Skin softening agent; some bury it; other species will consume it
Vernix
Cheesy liquid human newborn covered in; easier to move; parents umbilical cord getting snagged
Sucking stimulates milk production
Breastfeeding a newborn triggers more contractions, expelling placenta and getting uterus back to its normal size; colostrum in first amount of breast milk; stimulates newborns immune system
Gestational age
38 weeks is full term; premature is more than 3 weeks early
Intervention: Tiffany Field
Massage/touch therapy; touch they (premises) would’ve gotten in the womb
Kangaroo care
Placing babies in sack carried around the chest; gives them the sensation of being held/touched while the parent can do things; similar to touch/massage therapy; feel breathing
Breathing bear
Placed in crib with baby while they sleep and mimics breathing; what they would hear if co-sleeping; physical connection with others
The apgar scale
(1952) the immediate measure of overall health of newborn; scores 7-10 are good; tests on appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration; done 1st minute after birth, 5th minute, and 10th minute; 3 or below is critically low, 4-6 fairly low, 7-10 generally normal
The Brazelton: Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
T. Berry Brazelton; measures ability to self-regulate and manage reactions to stimuli; 47 different progressive skills;
tests: 1 regulate breaking, temp, autonomic system, tremors, startles, skin color changes set off by sights and sounds; 2 control motor system; sleep/wake “state” regulation, inhibiting random movements; 4 interact socially- mimicking, crying, alternative was to sounds, sights, etc. and how the baby integrates all areas
Used more often than apgar, especially if baby is in NICU
The Ballard
Assess baby’s physical maturity/gestational age at birth (38 weeks); find out when the baby was conceived; evaluates appearance, skin texture, motor function and reflexes; low scores mean immature development of premature birth (scale -1 - +5)
Stepping reflex
The baby over a surface they will stomp
Reflexes
We are born with the ability to perform certain actions before we have the intention to perform them; protection, survival, and caregiving
Babinski
Tickling feet and toes stretch out instead of curl up
Grasping reflex
On first day of life a baby has the ability to grasp firmly enough to be held up
Sucking reflex
Survival
Moro reflex
When you startle, the body scrunches
Neonate senses
Touch, pain response, taste, smell, hearing
Touch
Most well developed at birth
Pain response
Move, HB/BP increase, palms sweat, pupils dilate, high pitched cry
Taste
Prefer sweet, salty not sour, not bitter, spend more time nursing after mother has consumed sweets
Smell
Well developed at birth; recognize smell of their own amniotic fluid, mothers breast milk and perfume; react strongly to unpleasant smells
Hearing
Fetus can hear at 7-8 mos after conception
High amplitude sucking padigm
Suck hard when they hear a new, interesting sound (we trained them by playing interesting sounds when they suck the hardest); they’re trying to make it last; get bored with things they’ve heard before but become more interested with new stimuli
Study abroad trip to Norway
3 month old infants and mothers; baby in baby seat watching live feed of mom watching live feed of baby in separate rooms; first 30 seconds new material of mom talking, 2nd 30 seconds they replayed the first 30 seconds, the last 30 seconds they played new material; the babies new it wasn’t live and stopped interacting
Milestones of brain development
Continue to grow glial cells up to age 24; grow synapses between neurons always (trees can grow new branches but never a new trunk); cooing: vowel sounds; babbling “bibi”; inhibition controlled by frontal lobe: “don’t walk off the steps”, “don’t put things in my mouth”, infancy and toddlerhood is all about figuring out who loves you and what you’re not supposed to do
Left hemisphere dominance
Linear concrete processing, spoken and written language
Right hemisphere dominance
Holistic processing, spatial processing, integration, facial recognition, music
Hindbrain, midbrain
Develop earlier (survival, sleep, temp, organ function)
Forebrain
Part of limbus system, neocortex
Neocortex
85% of brain weight
Frontal lobe
Activity dramatically increases after 3 months (myelin, wake baby up to the world)
Left frontal lobe (LFL)
Approach
Right frontal lobe (RFL)
Avoidance
What does neutral stimuli do to anxious babies?
Activates RFL
Plasticity
Brain is pliable (able to change); brain of infant is better able to recover from injury; sensitive periods
Phonemes
Sounds of language in another culture; stop hearing this at 8 months
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement; brain is housekeeping
nREM sleep
More human growth hormone released, cleans up free radicals that are created while we’re awake; declarative memory enhanced
Autostimulation
The baby has to stimulate itself because it isn’t wake
Menoamines (serotonin)
Shut down; why we don’t remember most of our dreams; housekeeping hypothesis- least important info is unlearned, forgetting things bc serotonin is at its lowest level
Activation stimulus hypothesis
The neocortex slows down but the brain stem and limbic system are active; so not as much memory being activated by the neocortex; the neocortex is trying to put the random things activated together to make sense - forming dreams; hypothalamus is more active and in control during REM causing emotion and sexual dreams
SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome; causes/risks include cigarettes, babies to warm when they sleep, premies, young mother, prenatal care, sleeping on a soft position with pillows and blankets and stuffed animals; back to sleep; still leading cause of death
Cosleeping
Norm around the world for the first 3-4 years of life except in the US; parents want to be there around the clock for the kid until they show they don’t need so much care; children who cosleep (on avg.) need their parents less during the day
Marasmus
Wasting away from a poor diet
Kwashiorkor
Bloating in stomach from low protein
Nonorganic failure to thrive
Have normal diets; associated with a lack of care or love; stop growing; emotional/social withdraw from others; associated with caregivers who are cold or distant; starts at 18 months; almost like it’s in our genes to recognize we aren’t being treated right; goes unnoticed because of young age
Tabula rasa
Blank slate without any influence
Open genetic program
We can always modify it
Habituation
We can tell an infant has learned something, because they won’t pay as much attention to it; use this to tell if they can tell the difference between things; 3 months biggest leap
Decline in attention
Lifelong ability; built in tendency to look for novelty, to want to find new things
Vision
Can see the full color spectrum by age 1; video about the “cube”
Intermodal perception
Using more than one sense of perception at once
When can infants see depth?
Visual cliff; 3 months HR slows down when they are placed on “deep side”; 7 months HR increase (anxiety); won’t crawl across “deep side”
Cruising
Walking while someone is holding you
Social referencing
Babies confronted with ambiguous situation, they look to their caregiver for their reaction; on the cliff and deciding between crawling and not crawling, they look to mom
Jean Piaget
Worked in lab testing levels of intelligence which led to special education; qualitative differences in stages of development; biological maturation is the driver of intellectual change; nature and nurture; mental tool box; schemes
Schemes
Mental tool box/growth; we develop schemes to understand the world; changes during stages of development
1st sensorimotor substage
0-1 month: simple reflex, no patterns
2nd sensorimotor substage
1-4 months; primary circular reactions: repeat body actions (sucking thumb, kicking, watch hands)
3rd sensorimotor substage
Secondary circular reactions- repeat actions with objects
4th sensorimotor substage
8-12 months; coordination of secondary circular goals; use more than one objects together; coordination of vision and touch; modify imitations of others
5th sensorimotor substage
12-18 months; tertiary circular reactions m; try new ways of using objects invent new actions
6th sensorimotor substage
18-24 months; internalization if schemes; symbolic use of objects- pretend; involves mental pictures; 2nd half of year 2 is when symbolic thought/reasoning begins (ex: language) –> transition to the pre-operational stage
Symbolic thought
Language, memory, and object permanence (Piaget argues OP was fully developed at 24 months)
Object permanence
Symbolic thought is required for this; a not b error 8-12 months: hide ball under blanket a first and they retrieve it, then hide it under blanket b they’ll look under blanket a, they look where they found it the first time
Renee Bailkargeon
Challenged Piaget’s stages of object permanence; “violation of expectation” method- measuring possible vs impossible events; after 3 months discovered possible events don’t surprise infants; highly criticized; shows infants MIGHT have an understanding of the world as young as 3 months (the 3 months are surprised, the 4 months are not)
Lev Vygotsky
Soviet Union- collectivistic, we are all similar; we absorb what the culture thinks; language is the way intellect is shared; internalize what we learn, decontextualization of thought: separate thoughts from original context; telling friends what you leaned today
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Here’s what I can do, here’s what I can’t do with assistance ( ZPD), here’s what I can’t do
Lamaze
Breathing technique bringing more oxygen into her brain helping her body work better (and bringing more oxygen to baby)
