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Microbiology Test 2/4/14 > Test 2/4/14 > Flashcards

Test 2/4/14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are microbes?

A

Minute living organisms that are unable to be viewed with the un-aided eye.

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2
Q

What is a microbiota?

A

Organisms that live on and in us.

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3
Q

What does a microbiota do for us?

A

Helps digest food to produce nutrients and viatmins, anti-inflammatory, and prevents other diseases by occupying space.

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4
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Uses naturally found microbes to clean up toxic waste.

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5
Q

What is the proper format for writing the scientific name of an organism?

A

Genus Species, either underlined or italicized

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6
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

organisms that do not have membrane bound organelles and do not have a true nucleus.

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7
Q

What organisms belong in the prokaryote group?

A

Bacteria and Archea

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8
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Organisms that do have a membrane bound organelles and a true nucleus.

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9
Q

What organisms belong in the eukaryote group?

A

Fungi, protozoa, algae

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10
Q

Where are archaea generally found?

A

in extreme environments

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11
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Complex aggregate of microbes, mini ecosystems that contain lots of microbes.

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12
Q

In terms of human health and medicine, where can biofilms grow?

A

They can grown in the human body in high nutrient sources.

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13
Q

Why can biofilms be bad for us?

A

They are highly antibiotic resistent.

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14
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

A process of heating food to a specific temperature for a predetermined length of time and then immediately cooled. It slows the spoilage of food caused by microbial growth.

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15
Q

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

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16
Q

What does pleomorphic mean?

A

comes in many shapes

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17
Q

diplococci

A

2 cocci (round balls)

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18
Q

streptococci

A

chain of cocci

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19
Q

staphylococci

A

grapelike clusters

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20
Q

diplobacilli

A

2 bacilli (rod like)

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21
Q

streptobacilli

A

chain of bacilli

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22
Q

coccibacilli

A

balls and rods

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23
Q

vibrio

A

curved rod shaped

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24
Q

spirochete

A

helical coils

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25
Q

spirilla

A

twists like a spiral

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26
Q

what are the 2 basic types of glycocalyx and what purpose do they serve?

A

1- Capsule - helps with protection

2- Slime layer - adds nutrient source and helps motility

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27
Q

What is flagella used for?

A

It’s a long appendage that helps with motility.

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28
Q

How many flagella are found on a bacterium

A

1-1,000

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29
Q

What is “run and tumble” movement?

A

It’s an unorganized movement where the bacteria will shoot off towards the nutrient source by rotating the flagella counterclockwise, but once the flagella rotate clockwise it causes the bacteria to “tumble” in a different direction.

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30
Q

what is negative taxis?

A

Movement away from a toxic compound

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31
Q

What is a positive taxis?

A

Movement towards an attrachtent

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32
Q

What is an axial filament used for?

A

a rolling type of movement

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33
Q

What is the difference between fimbriae and a pili?

A

Fimbrae are short hairlike structures around the cell that help with attachment.
Pili are long attachment that allows for DNA transfer.

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34
Q

What is peptidoglycan made of (general structure)?

A

cell wall made of proteins and carbohydrates

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35
Q

What are the primary differences in a gram positive and gram negative cell wall.

A

Gram positive have a thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acid - allows passage into the cell.
Gram negative have a thin peptidoglycan outer plasma membrane and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

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36
Q

what is lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A

produces a strong immune response, acts as adhesin, and creates a semi-permeable barrier.

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37
Q

What is diffusion

A

Movement of molecules and ions from an area of high concentrate an an area of low concentrate.

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38
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

with the aide of a protein

39
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of water from high concentrate to low concentrate across a membrane.

40
Q

Hypertonic

A

Less concentration inside, causes the cell to shrink

41
Q

hypotonic

A

More concentration inside, causes the cell to burst

42
Q

isotonic

A

equilibrium

43
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement low concentration to high concentration with the aid of a protein

44
Q

what is the nucleoid

A

large circular bacterial chromosome

45
Q

what are plasmids

A

extra chromosomal circular DNA. Contains non essential genes.

46
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

protein synthesis

47
Q

what are endospores?

A

highly resistant bacterial structures that are produced in an unfavorable environment

48
Q

What is sporulation?

A

process of making endospores.

49
Q

What are the basic steps of sporulation?

A

1) unequal division
2) “larger” plasma membrane eats the small one forming a double layer
3) petidoglycan formed between membranes
4) Spore coat forms
5) Endospore is released

50
Q

What are the two main genera of bacteria that produce endospores?

A

Bacillus and clostridium

51
Q

What organelle is shared between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Ribosomes

52
Q

What does a viral “host range” mean?

A

The virus can only infect a specific tissue type in a specific organism.

53
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of phage therapy

A

Advantages - Bacteria cannot become phage resistant.

Disadvantage - Must be able to identify the bacterial cause.

54
Q

What is so unique about the nuclei acid in a virus?

A

It can carry DNA or RNA

Can be double stranded or single stranded.

55
Q

What is the capsid made of?

A

Protein coat around nucleic acid and is made of capsomere

56
Q

what are spikes?

A

and adhesin

57
Q

What is an adhesin?

A

microbial protein that binds to a host cell receptor

58
Q

what does a helical virus looks like?

A

Tube

59
Q

What does a polyhedral virus look like?

A

20 triangular faces

60
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

Virus that can attack bacteria

61
Q

What are the two main life cycles of a bacteriophage?

A

lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle

62
Q

What are the main steps in the lytic cycle?

A 
1- attachment
2- penetration
3- biosynthesis
4-maturation
5-release
63
Q

how is the lysogenic cycle different from the lytic cycle?

A

The virus does not kill the host cell in the lysogenic cycle

64
Q

What is a prophage?

A

viral piece of DNA that is incorporated into the host DNA of an animal cell

65
Q

What is a provirus

A

viral piece of DNA that is incorporated into the host DNA of a bacteria

66
Q

what is a phage conversion?

A

changing bacterial phenotype by introducing new viral proteins

67
Q

What is general transduction

A

Random pieces of host DNA being mistakenly incapsulated in viral capsid

68
Q

What is specialized transduction?

A

prophage incorrectly excised out of the host DNA accidentally picking up neighboring pieces of DNA; these get translated to next host.

69
Q

how are animal viruses released from a cell?

A

viral capsule needs to be uncoated before it can infect (enter) a cell.

70
Q

how do animal viruses enter a cell?

A

virus buds out of the host cell taking plasma membrane with it

71
Q

What is an oncogenic virus

A

Viruses that cause cancer by inserting it’s DNA into the wrong spot of the hosts chromosome

72
Q

what is a prion?

A

infectious protein

73
Q

What is a viriod

A

infectious nucleic acid

74
Q

what is mycology?

A

study of fungi

75
Q

What is a saprophyte?

A

a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.

76
Q

what is a hyphae

A

Long filamentous cells

77
Q

What does a mold look like?

A

they have hyphae

78
Q

What does yeast looks like?

A

they are unicellular

79
Q

what is budding

A

1 cell that slowly pinches off other cells

80
Q

what is dimorphism?

A

grows like a yeast or a mold dependent on it’s growth conditions

81
Q

what is mycosis?

A

fungal diseases

82
Q

what is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

caused by non pathogenic fungii

83
Q

What algae phyla is associated with the toxin that leads to paralytic shellfish poisoning?

A

dinoflagellates

84
Q

what are algal blooms?

A

red algae overgrowth of dinoflagellates

85
Q

what is a trophozoite?

A

living and growing stage

86
Q

What is schozogony?

A

reproduction where 1 parent replicates into mulitple daughter cells at once.

87
Q

What is a protozoal cyst?

A

Produces protective outer coating to allow survival for an extended period of time. Similar to bacterial endospores

88
Q

What is the different between a definitive host and an intermediate host?

A

definitive host - where the parasite can reproduce

intermediate host - cannot reproduce

89
Q

psychophile

A

cold lover

90
Q

mesophile

A

body temp

91
Q

thermophile

A

heat lover

92
Q

pyschotolerant

A

prefer body temperature , but can survive and reproduce slowly at cold temperatures.

93
Q

halophile

A

Salt lover

Microbiology Test 2/4/14 (1 decks)

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