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Sociology of Religion > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

A social process of becoming disengaged from the community and the belief system of a particular faith

A

Disaffiliation

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2
Q

5 Retention & Disaffiliation factors

A
  1. ) Education
  2. ) Income
  3. ) Gender
  4. ) Marriage/divorce
  5. ) Age
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3
Q
  1. ) Seek consistency among cognitions
  2. ) Inconsistency produces dissonance
  3. ) Adjust cognitions to restore consonance

These 3 factors are components of what theory?

A

Cognitive dissonance theory

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4
Q
  1. ) Circulate within denominational families
  2. ) Cross denominational family lines

Are two factors of…

A

Reafflitation

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5
Q

Who defined social class with workers and owners?

A

Marx

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6
Q

This person defined social class with power, property, prestige.

A

Weber

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7
Q

What are two components that contribute to the conflict theorist?

A
  1. ) Alienation

2. ) Exploitation

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8
Q

Religion is a spiritual response to a condition of _______

A

Alienation

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9
Q

Religion served to perpetuate the domination of one social class at the expense of others

A

Exploitation

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10
Q

What are the 3 elements of religion that predict whose economic interests are likely to be supported in any given time or place?

A
  1. ) The nature of theology
  2. ) The degree to which religious organizations are independent of elite control
  3. ) The extenet to which aspects of religion support the plausibility of the class structure
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of theology?

A
  1. ) Priestly

2. ) Prophetic

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12
Q

Reinforcing structures include…

A

Cultural features of religion that support priestly or prophetic theologies

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13
Q

T/F

Reinforcing structures may be implicit or explicit

A

True

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14
Q

Soteriology

A

Achieving salvation

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15
Q

Reconciling a perfect god to an imperfect world

A

Theodicy

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16
Q

Who believed…

Religious belief is ultimately grounded in suffering

A

Weber

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17
Q

Weber is the author to what book?

A

The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism

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18
Q

The “spirirt” of capitalism is found where?

A

In Benjamin Franklin’s writings

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19
Q

What are the 2 contributors to the protestant reformation?

A
  1. ) Luther

2. ) Calvin

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20
Q

Who believed…

All worldly occupations could be seen as religiously inspired callings

A

Luther

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21
Q

What are the 2 components of Calvin’s contributions to the Protestant Reformation?

A
  1. ) Predestination

2. ) Salvation anxiety

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22
Q

If Calvinists are successful in their calling that is a sign that they are _____

A

Elect

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23
Q

The idea of being “elect” resulted in…

A

A tremendous drive toward action and a life of strict discipline

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24
Q
  1. ) Wealth accumulation does not fit with the Calvinist tradition
  2. ) Calvinists were barred from political office

Are 2 arguments against whom?

A

Weber

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25
Q

What are the four main contributions from the Protestantism?

A
  1. ) Permitted the intellect to be devoted to worldly pursuits
  2. ) Distinguishes politics from religion (unlike Catholicism)
  3. ) Encouraged independence, personal responsibility
  4. ) Introduced education to the masses
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26
Q
  1. ) Religion stimulates consumption
  2. ) Sense of community
  3. ) Networking
  4. ) Reinforcing certain economic systems

Are all factors in regards too..

A

Religion and economic behavior

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27
Q

T/F

Religious organizations are major employers (e.g. lobbyist groups & administrative)

A

True

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28
Q

What are 2 negative influences religion has on the economy?

A
  1. ) Ban books, music, etc

2. ) Prohibition

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29
Q

What are the 3 main types of leaders?

A
  1. ) Traditional
  2. ) Rational-legal
  3. ) Charismatic
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30
Q

Legitimated by the sanctity of tradtion

A

Traditional leadership

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31
Q

What is rational-legal leadership?

A

Obedience is not given to the leader but to a set of uniform principles

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32
Q

Based upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an individual

A

Charismatic leadership

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33
Q

The process known as institutionalization is…

A

The creation of a stable set of rules that are established to survive after a charismatic leader dies/moves and developing stable routines

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34
Q
  • Transfer of power
  • Provision of a stable economic base

Are two components of…

A

Institutionalization

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35
Q

What are the four main types of religious organizations?

A
  1. ) Church
  2. ) Denomination
  3. ) Sect
  4. ) Cult
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36
Q

A ______ is the beginning of a reform movement to renew faith

A

Sect

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37
Q

A _______ is the middle of a reform movement to renew faith

A

Denomination

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38
Q

What is the ultimate result of a reform movement to renew faith?

A

A church

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39
Q

What are some defining characteristics of a church?

A
  • Religious monopoly
  • Close ally with the state and secular powers
  • Hierarchical bureaucratic institution
  • Professional clergy
  • Ascribed status
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40
Q
  • Membership is primarily ascribed
  • Tolerates changing doctrine
  • Follows a fairly routinized ritual and worship service
  • Draws disproportionately from the middle and upper classes

Are all components of…

A

A denomination

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41
Q
  • Fellowship of the elect
  • Encourage spontaneity of religious expression
  • De-emphasize organization
    -Generally small
  • Membership is achieved
    Are all components of….
A

Sects

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42
Q

Schism within a church leads to the formation of____

A

Sects

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43
Q

T/F

Members of a church or denomination feel that there is a loss of true Christianity whenever a sect is formed

A

True

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44
Q

Split from the larger group and form a small sect that focuses on what?

A

A return to the original doctrine

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45
Q

What are some examples of sects that became denominations”?

A
  • Methodists
  • Latter-day saints
  • Presbyterians
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46
Q

What are sects that remain sects called?

A

Institutionalized sects

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47
Q

What are some examples of institutionalized sects?

A
  • Amish
  • Mennonite groups
  • Quakers
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48
Q

A group without much internal discipline and loose-knit structure

A

Cult

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49
Q

NRM

A

New Religious Movement

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50
Q

4 main things a New religious movement does

A
  1. ) Rejects the religious patterns and formulations of denominations
  2. ) Emphasizes the new ( a new revelation or insight)
  3. ) Deliberately contrast themselves with dominant traditional religious groups
  4. ) Strong indivdualistic emphasis
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51
Q

A population of humans distinguished from other populations

A

Race

52
Q

T/F

The most widely used racial categories are based on personality traits

A

False- visible

53
Q

Rooted in the idea of societal groups

A

Ethnicity

54
Q

Ethnicity is most often marked by…

A
  • Shared nationality
  • Tribal affiliation
  • Religious faith
  • Shared language
55
Q

Religion can be one of _____ that shapes ethnicity

A

Factors

56
Q

What are four components of Hammond and Warner’s view of the relationship between race and ethnicity

A
  1. ) Ethnic fusion
  2. ) Ethnic religion
  3. ) Religious ethnicity
  4. ) Not given a name
57
Q

Four _____ groups that strongly influenced the Political- Cultural environment in the US

A

Protestant

58
Q

What Protestant group came to the US in the first wave?

A

Puritans

59
Q

What Protestant group came to the US in the second wave?

A

Church of England

60
Q

What Protestant group came to the US in the third wave?

A

Society of Friends & Quakers

61
Q

What Protestant group came to the US in the fourth wave?

A

Scots-Irish

62
Q

What sentiment was intertwined with ethnic animosity?

A

Anti-catholic

63
Q

T/F

There are no negative stereotypes of Catholics

A

False

64
Q

When was there an anti-immigration act that halted a lot fo Catholic immigration?

A

1924

65
Q

Manifestation of a belief structure of perpetual optimism and the ability to recover from adversity (belief in a better day)

A

Romona Denby

66
Q

Who was Robert Hill?

A

A prevalent mechanism for survival and advancement throughout Blacks’ history in America

67
Q

What are the three prominent features of contemporary African American Churches?

A
  1. ) Class composition
  2. ) Gender composition
  3. ) Leadership
68
Q

What percentages of the class composition of contemporary African American Churches is comprised of middle and working class?

A

60%

69
Q

T/F

In regards to gender composition half of all AA churches have 75% female membership

A

True

70
Q

What percentage of leadership in contemporary AA churches is male?

A

91%

71
Q
  1. ) Preserves heritage
  2. ) Agent for Reform
  3. ) Economy
  4. ) Education/job training
A

Institutional Impacts

72
Q

What is found in most Black communities?

A

Central Institutional Presence

73
Q

What are the top 5 denominations of AA churches?

A
  1. ) National Baptist Convention
  2. ) National Baptist Convention of America
  3. ) Church of God in Christ (COGIC)
  4. ) African Methodist Episcopal
  5. ) African Methodist Episcopal Zion
74
Q

What is the largest organized religion in the US?

A

Christianity

75
Q

What are the three main branches of Christianity?

A
  1. ) Protestant
  2. ) Catholic
  3. ) Orthodox
76
Q

What are the 2 key social structural preconditions for denominationalism to flourish?

A
  1. ) Religious disestablishment

2. ) Religious freedom

77
Q

What are 4 reasons behind there being so many denominations?

A
  1. ) Theological differences and disputes
  2. ) Race
  3. ) Immigration
  4. ) Theological innovations
78
Q

What are 3 groups beyond denominations?

A
  1. ) Transdenominational evangelicalism
  2. ) Nondenomenationalism
  3. ) Paradenominational groups
79
Q

A movement that really began with the founding of the National Association of Evangelicals in 1942

A

Transdenominational Evangelicalism

80
Q

What are transdenominational evangelicalism churches mainly composed of?

A

Parachurch agencies

81
Q

Nondenomenationalism

A

Largest category of faith community in terms of affiliation

82
Q

T/F

Nondenomenationalism tends to be evangelical and tends to have younger members

A

True

83
Q

People of diverse religious affiliations that band together to address some problem or provide some service

A

Paradenominational groups

84
Q

Church Polity

A

Authority structure of the congregation

85
Q

What are the 3 types of polity?

A
  1. ) Episcopal
  2. ) Presbyterian
  3. ) Congregational
86
Q

Which form of polity leads by one official?

A

Episcopal

87
Q

This form of polity leads by an elected group of officials or elders

A

Presbyterian

88
Q

Congregational polity

A

Authortiy lies with the members of the congregation decisions are made by a vote of all members

89
Q

What are the two main developments in church growth?

A
  1. ) Mainline churches are declining in membership

2. ) Conservative churches are growing

90
Q

What two categories of factors affect church growth?

A
  1. ) Contextual

2. ) Institutional

91
Q

Which factor of church growth…

  • describes the community where the congregation is located
  • and is not controlled by the congregation
A

Contextual

92
Q

Which factor of growth…

  • is specific to each particular congregation
  • and includes evangelism, theology, denominational policy etc
A

Institutional

93
Q

Who found that certain marketing techniques correlated with church growth?

A

McDaniel

94
Q

What are the two institutional factors?

A
  1. ) Recruitment

2. ) Strictness

95
Q

In regards to the institutional factor of strictness Kelley attributes…

A

Growth to a church’s level of strictness

96
Q

Benefits of belonging outweigh the costs

A

Rational Choice Theory

97
Q

What are 2 costs of a strict church?

A
  1. ) Lots of rules to live by

2. ) Requires changes in lifestyle

98
Q

What are 2 benefits of a strict church?

A
  1. ) Absolute truth

2. ) Guarantees of eternal life

99
Q

Approximately how many megachurches are there in the US

A

1200

100
Q
  • Deliberate about marketing
  • Tend to grow quickly
  • More focused on the delivery of the message than reforming the message
A

Seeker churches

101
Q

What are 5 of the 12 features of seeker churches?

A
  1. ) Majority of members born after 1945
  2. ) Informal dress
  3. ) Tolerance of different personal styles
  4. ) Worship is contemporary
  5. ) Extensive small group ministires
102
Q

Who was the first sociologist to write extensively on the importance of charismatic leadership?

A

Max Weber

103
Q

Who observed some 50+ years ago that religion is the most racially segregated institution in American society?

A

Martin Luther King Jr.

104
Q

Which theory or theology would argue that religion and social class work together and can work to encourage social class?

A

Functionalist theory

105
Q

According to your lecture notes which theory or theology support alienation and exploitation?

A

Conflict theory

106
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of a sect?

A.) Encourage spontaneity of religious expression
B.) De-emphasize organization
C.) Emphasizes purity of doctrine and traditional ethics
D.) Generally small
E.) All of the above

A

E

107
Q

What is another name for “routinization of charisma”?

A

Institutionalization

108
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of a church?

A.) Professional clergy
B.) Religious monopoly
C.) Close ally with the state and secular powers
D.) Hierarchical bureaucratic institution
E.) All of the above

A

E

109
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of a denomination?

A.) Membership is not ascribed
B.) Recognizes that members have commitments to other affiliations
C.) Unfriendly relationship with other denominations
D.) No clergy

A

B

110
Q

Which of the following is part of the prosperity gospel?

A.) Jmaes 4:2
B.) Galations 14:3
C.) John 1:2
D.) Revelations

A

A

111
Q

What is not discussed by Hammond and Warner?

A

Religious diversity

112
Q

T/F

Sunday morning is one of the most racially segregated times of the week in America

A

True

113
Q

T/F

A group without much internal discipline and loose knit structure is a NRM

A

True

114
Q

T/F

All sects become denominations over time

A

False

115
Q

T/F

If the religious movement is to survive for any significant period of time a stable set of roles and statuses must be established and a consistent pattern of norms generated and practiced

A

True

116
Q

T/F

The priestly theology refers to today and now

A

True

117
Q

T/F

Disaffiliation is when you come back to a church

A

False

118
Q

T/F

Religion can be one of the factors that shapes ethnicity

A

True

119
Q

T/F

There is a strong correlation between racial identity and religious preference

A

True

120
Q

T/F

Liberal and moderate churches retain members as well as most conservative churches

A

False

121
Q

Define the prosperity gospel

A

God blesses us for our faith with material possessions. Wealth is a sign of God’s blessing

122
Q

What are the functions of religion in society that relate religion and class?

A

Community, societal order, moral center, socialization to rules/norms of society and sense of meaning

123
Q

Name 4 problems of charismatic leadership

A
  1. ) People focus more on the leader than the message
  2. ) Blindly devoted to one person
  3. ) Opportunity for corruption
  4. ) No clear chain of succession
124
Q

Conservative churches grow because of what 2 factors?

A
  1. ) Recruits from other evangelical or fundamentalist groups
  2. ) High fertility rate in conservative churches
125
Q

What is the difference between alienation and exploitation?

A

Alienation - religion is a spiritual response to a condition of alienation

Exploitation - religion served to perpetuate the domination of one social class at the expense of others

126
Q

How did religious and political leaders use Protestant Christianity to counter fears of communism, Catholics and the national insecurities of the time?

A

Leaders connected religion to patriotism and they present it as the Christians versus communism. Leader merged religion into politics in a way that gave people hope

Sociology of Religion (2 decks)

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