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Biology10 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Synthesis, DNA gets Replication

A

S

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1
Q

Is primary growth phase & major portion of cell’s life span.

  • growing
  • longest
  • metabolism
A

G1

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2
Q

Phase for replication of organelles.

  • brief
  • final
  • preparation for division
A

G2

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3
Q

Mitosis ( Nuclear Division)

A

M phase

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4
Q

When cell divides or the rest of the cell divides

A

C phase

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5
Q

Muscle cells, brain cells.

A

Go

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6
Q

Growth & repair (tissue)

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

One parent cell divides to form with the same number of chromosomes as parent cell. ( Division of nucleus).

A

2 identical daughter cells (clones)

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8
Q

Is the most important event, & is followed by the division of the rest of the cell.

A

Nuclear division

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9
Q

DNA replication

A

Interphase

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10
Q

2 chromatids (copies) held together by a centromere

A

Chromosomes Replicated

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11
Q

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear 2 membrane and nucleoli disappear and the spindle forms between centrioles= divides & forms 2

A

Prophase

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12
Q

Chromosomes moved to the center. And spindle fibers are attached to the centromere

A

Metaphase

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13
Q

Chromatids get pulled apart, & move to the opposite poles of cell once centromeres divide

A

Anaphase

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14
Q

Chromosomes reach opposite poles & new nuclear membranes form around them

A

Telophase

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15
Q

A constricting belt of actin filaments creates cleavage furrow & strangles cell in two

A

Animal cells

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16
Q

How all traits are inherit

A

Heredity

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17
Q

Offspring are

A

Diploid

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18
Q

Gametes are

A

Haploid

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19
Q

The two for each trait may not be identical

A

Alleles

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20
Q

Identical

A

Homozygous

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21
Q

Not identical

A

Heterozygous

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22
Q

A dominant gene will be expressed and prevent that expression of the recessive gene

A

Law of dominance

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23
Q

Refers to actual genes possessed by an organism

A

Genotype

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24
Q

Outward expression of those genes

A

Phenotype

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25
Q

Alleles for a trait will segregate into different gametes

A

Law of segregation

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26
Q

Homologous chromosomes ( with matching alleles) separate during

A

Anaphase 1

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27
Q

Genes located on different chromosomes will assort indecently during meiosis ( ie. Foil method)

A

Law of Independent assortment

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28
Q

illustrate how traits are inherited form one generation to another

A

Genetic Crosses

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29
Q

1 trait at a time

A

Monohybrid crosses

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30
Q

If the organisms genotype is Gg, then 1/2 the gametes will be G and 1/2 will be gg

A

Law of segregation

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31
Q

To determine if dominant trait is homozygous, cross dominant individual with recessive one: TT or Tt?

A

Test cross

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32
Q

2 traits at a time

A

Dihybrid

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33
Q

Since organism is diploid & 2 traits are being tested, genotype will have

A

4 letters

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34
Q

Since gametes are haploid, they will have

A

2 letters

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35
Q

Use foil method to determine gametes from heterozygous parent

A

Law of Independent Assortment

36
Q

Refers to traits for which there are more than 2 alleles for the gene

A

Multiple alleles

37
Q

Is used to describe traits where the heterozygous phenotype is a blend between the homozygous dominant and recessive

A

Incomplete Dominance

38
Q

Pair 1-22

A

Autosomes

39
Q

Pair 23

A

Sex chromosomes

40
Q

Wrong number of chromosomes inherited

A

Chromosomal Abnormalities

41
Q

The failure of chromosomes (chromatids) to separate during meiosis

A

Nondisjunction

42
Q

Offspring inherits 3 of a certain chromosome ( instead of normal 2 ).

  • down Syndrome
  • kilineflters Syndrome
  • Jacobs Syndrome & poly-x
A

Trisony

43
Q

Offspring inherits only 1 of a certain chromosome. Ie. Turners Syndrome

A

Monosony

44
Q

Offspring inherits more than 2 sets of chromosomes ( 3n, 4n, 6n, 8n)

A

Polyploid

45
Q

A mistake in the genetic code

usually for a protein

A

Gene Mutations

46
Q

Cause mutations ( ie. High-energy forms of radiation: X-Rays, Uv-Rays and chemicals : asbestos

A

Mutagen

47
Q

Somatic mutions are Not inherited mutations are

A

Germ

48
Q

Double helix ( twisted ladder) shape

A

Watson & crick model 1953

49
Q

DNA polymer made of 2 strands of monomers

A

Nucleotides

50
Q

Nucleotides consist of 3 molecules:

A

Phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar, Nitrogenous base

51
Q

4 nitrogenous bases are used

A

Thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine

52
Q

Adenine & guanine are double-ringed

A

Purines

53
Q

Thymine & cytosine are single-ringed

A

Pyramidines

54
Q

One purine is paired with one Pyrimidine:

A

A-T, C-G

55
Q

Enzymes called _____ are responsible for untwisting the DNA & separating the 2 strands forming replication bubbles along the chromosome

A

Helicases

56
Q

The enzyme_____ attaches spare DNA nucleotides to their proper partners on the original strands. ( makes new polymer)

A

DNA polymerase

57
Q

Both original strands form new complimentary strands:

A

Semiconservative

58
Q

A_____ is a segment of the DNA of the chromosome

A

Gene

59
Q

Genes represent a coded recipe for building a ____ one gene/ one protein hypothesis

A

Protein

60
Q

A 4 letter alphabet ( A, C,G,T) used to make 3 letter words

A

DNA Code

61
Q

The 3 letter words code for ___

A

Amino acid

62
Q

Building the protein from the DNA code

A

Protein synthesis

63
Q

Copying the DNA

A

Transcription

64
Q

The enzyme____ positions at the start site at the gene locus

A

RNA polymerase

65
Q

Primary transcript is edited by removing ___ ( non coding sequences)

A

Introns

66
Q

Splicing together _____ ( coding sequences)

A

Exons

67
Q

Making the protein from the mRNA copy

A

Translation

68
Q

Every 3 -base sequence oh mRNA ____ and calls for a specific amino acid = universal genetic code

A

Codon

69
Q

mRNA moves from nucleus to join with a ___ which is made of 2 subunits of rRNA & protein

A

Ribosome

70
Q

The various amino acids are brought to the ribosome by ___ ( tRNA)

A

Transfer RNA

71
Q

Each tRNA is characterized by a specific 3- base sequence

A

Anti codon

72
Q

Vesicles from Golgi complex align across spindle = cell plate

A

Plant cells

73
Q

The exchange results in new gene combinations which adds to the variability of the offspring and the ____ of the population

A

Diversity

74
Q

Chromosomes line up at the middle in pairs with independent assortment = diversity

A

Metaphase 1

75
Q

With half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

Reduction division

76
Q

Only occurs in the ___ ovaries/testes

A

Gonads (sex organs)

77
Q

Cells with 2 sets of chromosomes

1 set originally from each parent

A

Diploid(2n)

78
Q

Cells with a single set of chromosomes

A

Haploid (n)

79
Q

In a diploid cell, the 2 sets are matching or ___ which means that each chromosome pair (homologs) have matching or paired genes ( alleles)

A

Homologus

80
Q

Process of meiosis involves … Which has NO interphase between

A

2 division process

81
Q

Usual prophase events; pairing of homologous chromosomes

A

Prophase 1 = Synapsis

82
Q

Chromatids may over lap and exchange genetic material

A

Crossing over

83
Q

Homologous pairs split apart & are pulled to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase 1

84
Q

2 cells have half the original number of chromosomes

A

Telophase 1

85
Q

Chromosomes become visible nuclear 2 membrane & nucleoli disappear

A

Prophase 2

86
Q

They line up down the middle

A

Metaphase2

87
Q

Speparate and move to opposite poles

A

Telophase 2

88
Q

Reduction division because it produces daughter cells gametes =egg & sperm
Sex cells

A

Meiosis

Biology10 (1 decks)

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