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Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

This normative model saying how this should be used in making public policy.

  • to be neutral seekers of “truth”
  • to present information to policy makers in an unbiased manner
  • policy advocating should be accompanied by an explicit statement of their normative assumptions
A

Textbook model of role of science in public policy

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1
Q

-scientists are not neutral participants. Often they operate under a paradigm(see of assumptions about casual relationships and methods)

A

Limitations of the Textbook Model

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2
Q

3 economic frameworks for policy analysis

A

Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Effective Analysis (CEA)
Economic-Impact Analysis (EIA)

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3
Q
  • Most comprehensive and designed to quantify effects on social value and human welfare
  • Policy with greatest net social benefits is the most economically efficient
A

Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)

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4
Q
  • Identifies the policy option that achieves a specific desired outcome at the least possible cost
  • Does not necessarily mean that all metrics be converted to dollars
A

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)

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5
Q
  • Measures changes in economic activity or it’s indicators (regional income, employment).
  • These measures, while politically relevant, are not a good measure of social welfare
A

Economic Impact Analysis (EIA)

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6
Q

Why does economics play an important role in policy analysis?

A

The strong theoretical and empirical foundation of economics enables the measurement of quantitative, logically consistent and directly comparable measures of benefits and costs whether realized though market activity or outside of markets

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7
Q

Three main roles of economics and policy analysis

A
  • Modeling of behavior (positive analysis)
  • Measuring economic benefits and costs of particular policies
  • Determine what society should do with respect to a particular issue (normative analysis)
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8
Q

Non-Market Values

A
  • A large proportion of economic value of environmental protection or restoration is made up of non-market values
  • Non-market values are effects on individuals well being that are not measurable in markets
  • Ignoring non-market values can result in significant underestimation of social benefits
  • These can include use and non-use values.
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9
Q

Measuring Non-Market Values

A
  • Market values are easily measurable in most cases
  • Non-market values are harder, but economists have developed a variety of methods to measure different aspects of non-market value.
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10
Q

Economist have developed a variety of methods to measure different aspects of non-market value

A
  • Revealed Preference methods based on observable behavior (hedonic;travel cost)-#UseValues
  • Stated Preference methods based on carefully designed surveys (stated preference; contingent valuation)-#Non-useValues
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11
Q
  • Includes pastureland, groundwater, commercial fisheries, and I was on.
  • Characteristics: 1)exclusion of beneficiaries through physical and institutional means is especially costly 2)exploitation by one user reduces the resource availability for others both today and in the future
  • both futures imply that property rights to the resource are incomplete (tragedy of the commons)
A

Common Pool Resources(CPRs)

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12
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A
  • Incomplete property rights produce “rule of capture” incentives were people following their best interest can lead to an outcome that is in nobody’s best interest
  • leads to a negative externality or as Garret Hardin wrote, “tragedy of the commons”
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13
Q

Two necessary conditions for addressing the use of common pool resources

A
  • restricting or controlling access

- creating incentives for users to invest in the resource instead of over exploiting it

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14
Q

Methods to address CPR resources

A
  • formal institutions and rules (incentive-based approaches e.g. cap and trade)
  • Informal institutions and rules (establishment of resource use and norms)
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15
Q

Fishing for profit. Large-scale commercial fishing and sometimes also called industrial fishing. Most commercial fishing takes place in the ocean

A

Commercial capture fisheries

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16
Q

Fishing for survival. Fish are consumed directly by families and kin of fishers, whom generally use low-tech “artisanal” fishing techniques

A

Subsistence fisheries

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17
Q

This production has increased rapidly since the 1980s. It is extremely common in Asia with more than 85% of the worlds aquaculture production occurring there. In 2006 it provided nearly 50% of all world fisheries production

A

Aquaculture

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18
Q

Implies that we can increase catch rates and the population levels will continue to grow

A

Underexploited

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19
Q

Couches correspond to the maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

A

Fully exploited

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20
Q

Catch levels lead to the population level decreasing (unsustainable)

A

Overexploited

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21
Q
  • set up 8 regional fishery management councils around the US that set the fishery policy in those regions with approval of NOAA fisheries
  • original had 7 National Standards that apply to species being caught in federal waters (not state waters)
  • membership in the councils consists of commercial and recreational fisheries, academics, the conservation community, states, tribes, and other stakeholders
  • The national standards are to be taken into account when a regional fishery management council is developing a fishery management plan
  • Every major fishery in the US must have a fishery management plan in place
A

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

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22
Q

National Standards of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.

Conservation and management measures shall:

A
  • Preevent overfishing while achieving optimum yield
  • be based upon the best scientific information available
  • manage individual stocks as a unit throughout their range, to the extent practicable; interrelated stocks shall be managed as a unit or in coordination
  • not discriminate between residents of different states; any allocation of privileges must be fair and equitable
  • where practicable, promote a fish and sea, except that no such measures of economic allocation as its sole purpose
  • take into account and allow for variations among and contingencies and fisheries, fishery resources, and catches
  • minimize costs and avoid duplication is, where practicable
23
Q
  • Has jurisdiction over the 317,690 square mile exclusive economic zone off Washington ,Oregon, and California
  • manages fisheries for about 119 species of Salmon, groundfish, coastal pelagic species, and highly migratory species
  • process is a bottom a process emphasizing public participation and involvement and fisheries management (Public input is encouraged; Science and Statistical Committees (SSCs) provide scientific advice)
  • management measures to developed by the counselor recommended the secretary of commerce through NMFS/NOAA Fisheries
  • management measures are implemented by and NMFA northwest and southwest regional offices enforced by the NOAA OFFICE OF LAW-ENFORCEMENT, The US Coast Guard 11th district and local enforcement agencies
A

Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council

24
Q

State responsibilities

A

-Coastal state is responsible for managing the fisheries in state waters (typically, from the coastline to 3 miles offshore)
–California Department of Fish and Game are responsible for California commercial and recreational fishery management
-three Marine fisheries commissions manage stocks of fish that cross boundaries between states and
between state and federal
–coordination between states and states and federal government

25
Q
  • Heralded by Pres. Clinton and Republican and Democratic senators, this sent a powerful signal to the publics desire for sustainable fisheries
  • implementation has proved harder than anticipated
  • Jack tubes are vague and in many cases and measurable given the current level of scientific and socioeconomic information
  • Did little to address the fundamental economic problems that continue to plague fisheries
  • MSCFMA Reauthorized in 2007
A

Sustainable Fisheries Act 1996

26
Q

Sustainable fisheries act added several important structures to federal fishery management:

A
  • eliminate overfishing
  • rebuild overfished stocks
  • minimize by catch
  • document and protect essential fish habitat
  • account for the effects of regulations on this and communities
27
Q

Sustainable Fisheries Act added 3more national standards for a total of 10

A
  • Conservation and management measures shall, consistent with the conservation requirements of this act (including the prevention of overfishing the rebuilding of overfished stocks),take into account the importance of fishery resources to fishing communities in order to (A) approved for the sustained participation of such communities, and (B) to the extent practicable, minimize adverse economic impacts on such communities
  • conservation and management measure shall, to the extent practicable, (A) minimized by catch and (B) to the extent by catch cannot be avoided, minimize the mortality of such by catch
  • conservation and management measure shall, to the extent practicable, about the safety of human life at sea
28
Q
  • further established requirements that each fishery management plan (FMP) include a definition of overfishing and a plan for rebuilding overfished stocks
  • -overfishing must be stopped within two years and a plan must be developed to rebuilding overfished fisheries within 10 years
  • new mandate that FMPs must establish a mechanism for setting annual catch limits that immediately prevent overfishing (holds for all stocks not just overfished ones)
  • catch limits that prevent overfishing also must be in place by 2010 for every stock currently under federal management
  • -data poor stocks and pushing limits of science
A

MSFCM Reauthorization Act of 2007

29
Q

For a fishery that overfished, any fishery management plan, amendment, or proposed regulations prepared pursuant to paragraph or paragraph for such fishery shall:

  • specify a time period for rebuked ing the fishery that shall:
  • allocate both overfishing restrictions and recovery benefits fairly and equitably among sector is the fishery; and
  • for fisheries management under an international agreement, reflect traditional participation in the fishery, relative to other nations, by fishermen of the United States
A

Rebuilding requirements under MSFCMA (Sect 109-479)

30
Q
  • many scientists argue that precautionary measure proposed to accommodate uncertainty often succumb to short run economic considerations and we can officially management council (RFMC) decisions
  • -to a Limited extent, this blame is appropriately placed. But these pressures are only symptoms of the underlying economic problem
  • -economically depressed fisheries are vulnerable to short-term thinking and risk taking, and people cannot afford to invest in long term sustainability
A

US Commercial fisheries development: Role of Science

31
Q

Political Economy

  • fishing industry is comprised of a heterogeneous group and each group exerts pressure to regulate the other group
  • difficult to get lawmakers interested in fishers policy
  • public does not seem to be concerned about the health of the oceans
  • monitoring and enforcement
A

Implementing fishery policy

32
Q

Fishing rate for a particular year is too high (i.e. taking too many fish in a given year)

A

Overfishing

33
Q

Abundance of the fish is too low (this relates to the stock of fish in the ocean at a given point of time)

A

Overfished

34
Q

Open access ➡️ restricted open access ➡️restricted access ➡️ catch share

A

Fishery management evolution

35
Q
  • condition or access to the fisheries unrestricted; The right to catch fish is free and open to all
  • The outcome is the tragedy of the commons (Fish stock is overfishing overfishing is occurring; no economic returns from fishing- fisherman compete with each other to eliminate any economic gains)
  • most fisheries are no longer this (pre-UNCLOS); some exceptions of fisheries in international waters; not officers and international waters are this
A

Open access

36
Q
  • Premise: control fishing mortality and fish populations will remain healthy
  • Beaverton and Holt (1957) divide four factors related to fishing mortality:
  • -number of vessels
  • -vessel’s catching power
  • -total fishing time
  • -spatial distribution
A

Regulated open access

37
Q

Goal: to control fishing mortality
-input controls:
• gear and vessel restrictions- both size, engine power, hook spacing, net type, net grid, etc.
• closed seasons, day-at-sea
• closed areas to fishing/certain gear
-output controls:
• Industry catch quotas/ “total allowable catch”
• trip catch limits
• min/max size and sex selective restrictions

A

Regulated open access regulations

38
Q

Limited entry programs
• require vessels to hold a permit and the number of permits are limited
–permits in some cases can be traded

Promise that overfishing is tied to the number of vessels
• reducing/limiting vessels will reduce likelihood of overfishing

A

Restricted access

39
Q

Regulators use this to control the total catch

A

Season length and limited entry

40
Q

Continued failure of fishing management to address overfishing leads to this next step in fishery management evolution

A

Catch share

41
Q

Gordon and Scott identified the problem with open access fisheries in the 1950s

A
  • overfishing is a symptom

- problems are not self-correcting, implying a role for government prevention

42
Q
  • more than 16 countries have I have cues for over 150 species
  • TURF systems
A

Experience with catch share programs

43
Q
  • race to fish replaced by race to create value
  • slower fishing (value versus volume)
  • high-valued and markets
  • more selective gear (less bycatch/discards)
  • reduced habitat destruction
  • less dangerous
  • generation of wealth (value of the quota is akin to value of the land)
A

Realized benefits from catch share programs

44
Q

-gains from owning a right to catch an amount of fish each year
• IFQ or cooperative number
• reduce the race to fish (shifts from maximizing quantity to quality)
-gains from being able to trade quota
• fisherman that value the quote the most (e.g. least cost/higher skilled) will purchase quota from others
• in the long run, the quota will be caught at the lowest possible cost (cost-effective policy)
-setting the total allowable catch, limits overfishing and fish stocks can recover and prevent fishery collapse

A

IFQ benefits

45
Q
  • exit of small firms, consolidation and concentration of fishing industry
  • loss of fishing in some ports (culture and economic)
  • wealth windfalls-initial allocation of quota
  • TAC’s are not set to allow recovery of fish stock
  • potential for highgrading
A

Potential issues with IFQs

46
Q

Other theories:

  • only look at at one role of one single type of actor
  • don’t explain processes with several categories
  • don’t look at the wider environment
  • focus too specifically on one specific policy instrument and ignores others
A

Justifications for creating ACF

47
Q
  • A model based on the use of various instruments by competing advocacy coalitions within a policy subsystem
  • Frame work is based idea that EXTERNAL actors are more important than INTERNAL actors
A

Advocacy Coalition Framework

48
Q

What’s ACF about ?

A
  1. Competing advocacy coalitions
  2. Various instruments
  3. Change over time
49
Q

According to ACF, policy evolution is

A

the product of the efforts of the various coalitions to use a variety of legal/political instruments to achieve objectives over time

50
Q
  1. Advocacy coalitions
  2. Beliefs
  3. Policy subsystems
  4. Guidance mechanisms
  5. Time
A

Key components of ACF

51
Q
  • Comprised of members for a wide variety of institutions
  • diverse group
  • *all members share a core set of deeply held beliefs
A

Advocacy Coalitions

52
Q
  • These connect members in coalitions and motivate efforts toward change
  • deeply held guiding principles and values (aren’t surface thoughts or perspectives)
  • engrained
  • unlikely to change over time
A

Beliefs

53
Q
  • coalitions and the beliefs they represent operate within this
  • UNIT OF ANALYSIS (opposed to seeing institutions or organizations as the focus of analysis/primary influencers)
  • -these entities are the product of strategies pursued by advocacy coalitions.
A

Policy Subsystems

54
Q
  • Coalitions use these to pursue their goals
  • since coalitions are rational (according to Sabatier) they choose tools that are most strategic and in their best interest.
A

Guidance Mechanisms

55
Q
  1. Direct participation in agency decisions
  2. Publication of an valuation project
  3. Litigation
  4. Chang in political appointees
  5. Non-incremental change in the budget
  6. Significant change in legislation
A

Guidance mechanisms/ Policy instruments

56
Q
  • Not about short term change, but rather change over time
  • Because they are large and diverse, coalitions can be very stable over time
  • -coalition membership is stable because members share a common set of deeply held beliefs and remain active throughout their lives on those issues (contrasting more transient internal agency employees who may switch jobs or relocate and be assigned to different projects)
A

Time

ESP (2 decks)

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