Test 2 Flashcards
How does the pH of urine relate to its hydrogen ion concentration?
inversly purportional
Ketone bodies in the urine are suggestive of elevated _______ metabolism
FAT
What causes myoglobinuria?
extensive muscle injury
What is the general purpose of test strip screening?
immediately answer whether or not pathological concentrations of substances are present in the urine, also IOT confirm a diagnosis
what color is a (+) positive nitrite on the dipstick?
Pink
what substance is most likely to be present in urine that could cause a false (=) negative reaction on the dipstick for Glucose?
sorbin acid or Vit C
What is SSA used for?
to confirm protein in the urine
what test is used for detecting reducing sugars in the urine?
Clinitest
What would be expected in the microscopic examination?
nothing
What two dipstick reaction are usually (+) in pyelonephritis and cystitis?
Lyucocites and nitrites
Name several conditions that could be indicated by an elevated urinary urobilinogen?
Liver diesase, Hep, perniciousnemia
Name several conditions that can cause hemoglobinuria?
transfusion reaction, hemolotic enemias, burns, PNH (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria),
what is specificity (as related to dipstick reaction)?
each test zone should react specifically to the substance being tested and to no other
the test pad for ketone bodies detects ______?
aceto acidic acid
what is the principle of the dipstick method for protein
protein errors indicator of indicators (power Point)
what unusual urinary protein is associated with multiple myeloma?
Bence Jones
what sugar (especially in infants) is most likely indicated by a (=) dipstick reaction for glucose but a (+) Clinitest
galactose
What specimen is used to detect orthostatic proteinuria? When would you suspect this condition?
First morning specimen, erect and walkin around for at least 2 hrs.
seen in children and adolescence
What is the active ingredient in Ehrlich’s reagent?
p-dimethyl benzel maldahyde
What is the reagent used to detect bilirubin in the Ictotest?
2,4- dichloro benzene dizonium tetrachloro zincate
the reagent strip for hemologobin detects _______, ______, & ______?
RBC, Myglobin, Hemoglobin
What is the action of the enzyme peroxidase?
sudo peroxadase activity which catalizes oxidation reaction to the activity of the regent 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzine
Why is there normally no glucose in the urine?
absorbed in the convoluted tubules
What is the advantage of using phase contrast microscopy in the examination of urinary sediment? How does this relate to the refractive index?
- allows you to see unstained cellular components and casts
- refractive index is similar to the urine
What is the use of the polarizing microscope in urine microscopics?
crystals and lipid paterials
Cells are recorded as number per ________ power field (___X)
High, 40-45x
How many field should be examined in a microscopic exam?
10 Fields
- What is the most common type of WBC found in urinary sediment?
neutrafills
Casts in urine are usually accompanied by a (+) test for _____________.
protein
- Casts containing cells indicate problems in what part of the urinary tract?
kidney
- Where are transitional epithelial cells found?
renal pelvis, uriters, bladder, 2/3 male urethria
Amorphous phosphates are found in urine of what pH?
alkaline
What disease is indicated when tyrosine and leucine are found in the urine?
liver disease
- Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by _____________ and _______________.
protein uria & Lipid Uria
- Casts which have at least two distinct components are called __________ casts
mixed
- Casts should be reported as the number per __________ power field ( _____X).
low, 10x
- Which WBC is most likely to be found in a transplant rejection?
lymphosites
- In what specific portions of the nephron are casts formed?
distilled convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
- In what type of diseases (in general) are RBC casts found?
where the basement membrane of the glomerloreous was damaged
- What specific type of epithelial cells are found in epithelial cell casts?
renal tubular
- Glitter cells are associated with urine of _______ specific gravity
Low
What type of epithelial cells are indicative of vaginal contamination?
squamious
Calcium oxalate crystals are normally found in _______ pH urine.
Acidic
- What condition is indicated by large numbers of uric acid crystals?
gout
- Candida albicans (a yeast) is often found in the urine of patients with __________________.
diabietes melitous
If flat, hexagonal, colorless crystals are found in the urine, what constituent is suggested? What should the technologist do prior to reporting out these abnormal crystals?
cystine crystals, chemical confirmation for cystine
- How can RBC and yeast be differentiated?
acedic acid will lyce red cells but not the yeast
What is the appearance of waxy casts?
cracks or fishers, blunt or uneven ends, refractile, hemonogonist
Name several organisms whose urinary presence indicates contamination.
paracites, trichimonous, yeast
The order for the aging process of casts is _________, __________, ________, and ____________.
cellular, coarse, granilar, waxy
What is the term for the presence of elevated numbers of casts in urine?
cylendruria
- How can a precipitate of amorphous phosphate be removed? What about amorphous urates?
dilute with acedic acid,
What would be the appearance of RBC in hypertonic urine?
small and crenated
Can the Multistix detect a negative urobilinogen?
No
- How would you interpret a (=) nitrate but a (+) bacteria?
bacteria converts nitrate to nitrite, cant convert from nitrate to nitrite, no nitrate in diet, urine not in bladder long enough
- What happens if you dip the reagent strip too much?
cause leaching, or run over of reagents
- What type of casts may be found in the urine of a normal pH?
highland
- What are shadow cells?
RBC that lost hemoglobin
What is the significance of the shape and size of a cast?
aid in the identification
Urine for testing should always be at ________ temperature?
room
Why do we use the refractometer for specific gravity rather than the dipstick?
both ionic and non ionic solutes, where as the dipstick only detects ionic
How does the Watson-Schwartz test differentiate between urobilinogen and porphobilinogen?
is soluible in chloroform and butonol, where as porfobilioginen is soliable in the aqueous layer
What is the principle of the automated instruments for dipstick reading?
reflectance photometry
Glucose in the urine is referred to as _______________ or _______________.
glucose urina, glycose uria
The two different forms of blood in the urine are described as ______________ and ________________.
hematuria, hemoglobin uria
What reagent is used to differentiate urinary hemoglobin and myoglobin?
amonium solfate
hemoglobin is precipitated
- What is the normal range for urinary urobilinogen?
0.1 to 1
- Which test is the most sensitive for bilirubin?
Icto test
What is ketonuria?
ketones in the urine
For the slides, be able to identify the various types of cells, crystals, and casts seen in lab. Also, be able to recognize bacteria, Trichomonas, various artifacts, and the maltese cross appearance of fat using polarized microscopy. The slides will be reviewed in class.
Case Study
Hematuria
kidney stones, glomer nephrititus, strenious exercise, smoking
muscle injury can cause
myoglobinuria
What reagent is used for ketones in dipstick reaction?
sodium nitroprusside
What reagent is used for Urobilinogen in dipstick reaction?
para-dimethly amino benz aldehyde
What reagent is used for Protein in dipstick reaction?
tetra bromphenol blue
What reagent is used for pH in dipstick reaction?
bromethyl blue &. methyl red
What reagent is used for Nitrite in dipstick reaction?
1,2,3,4-tetra hydro benzo quinoline-3-olpara-arsanilic acid
What reagent is used for Biliruben in dipstick reaction?
2,4-dichloro benzene diazonium tetrachloro zincate
(aka – diazotized 2,4-dichloroaniline)
What reagent is used for Glucose in dipstick reaction?
glucose oxidase, gluconic acid, hydrogen peroxide, potassium iodide,
peroxidase
What reagent is used for Blood in dipstick reaction?
3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine, hydrogen peroxide
