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image production and evaluation Semester 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

short scale/high contrast

A

very black and white 40kvp

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2
Q

long scale/low contrast

A

many shades of gray 110/120

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3
Q

magnification factor =

A

SID/SOD

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4
Q

direct square law formula

A

mas1/mas2=(d1)2/(d2)2

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5
Q

inverse square law formula

A

I1/I2=(d2)2/(d1)2

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6
Q

what are the factors affecting xray quantity?

A
  1. mAs
  2. kVp
  3. distance
  4. filtration
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7
Q

xray quantity

A

the number of xrays in the useful beam

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8
Q

mA=

A

quantity of xrays produced

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9
Q

more mA =

A

darker the image

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10
Q

the number of xrays produced is

A

directly proportional to the exposure time

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11
Q

longer exposure time =

A

darker image

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12
Q

shorter exposure time =

A

lighter image

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13
Q

xray quality

A

the penetrating power of the xray beam

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14
Q

xray quality =

A

kVp

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15
Q

as kV increases,

A

the speed of electrons traveling from cathode to anode increases

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16
Q

high kV =

A

more gray image and more penetrability

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17
Q

low kV=

A

too dark of an image

“soft” xrays don’t penetrate as well

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18
Q

reciprocity law

A

any combo of mAs and time will yield the exact amount of optical density
exposure = intensity * time

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19
Q

optical density

A

the degree of blackening on a radiograph

20
Q

what determines you OD

A

mAs

21
Q

what is the reciprocity law used for

A
  1. control motion
  2. change focal spot
  3. utilize breathing technique
22
Q

noise

A

the grainy or uneven appearance of an image caused by an insufficient number of primary xrays

23
Q

what is noise caused by?

A
  1. film graininess
  2. structure mottle
  3. quantum mottle
  4. scatter radiation
24
Q

quantum mottle

A

the random nature in which xrays interact with the IR

a result of uneven intensity

25
Q

quantum mottle decreases

A

recorded detail

26
Q

slower film using more xrays =

A

good resolution

27
Q

faster film using less xrays =

A

not as good resolution

28
Q

latitude

A

the margin of error in technical factors
amount of leeway you have when taking an image
higher the kV the more latitude

29
Q

what are the 3 geometric factors

A
  1. magnification
  2. distortion
  3. focal spot blur
30
Q

magnification

A

increase in the object’s image size compared with its true or actual size

31
Q

as OID increases

A

magnification increases

32
Q

as OID decreases

A

magnification decreases

33
Q

as SID increases

A

magnification decreases

34
Q

as SID decreases

A

magnification increases

35
Q

how to minimize magnification

A

use a large SID

use a small OID

36
Q

object size =

A

image size/MF

MF = magnification factor

37
Q

percent magnification

A

image size - object size divided by object size x 100

38
Q

shape distortion

A

the unequal magnification of different portions of the same object

39
Q

2 ways shape distortion appears

A
  1. elongation

2. foreshortening

40
Q

elongation

A

image of an object appears longer than the actual object

41
Q

what causes elongation?

A

the object is parallel and straight with the IR but the tube is angled or
the tube and part are straight, but the IR is angled

42
Q

foreshortening

A

and image of an object that appears shorter than the object itself

43
Q

what causes foreshortening?

A

when the object or anatomical part is angled

44
Q

any structure that is not positioned at the CR will be

A

distorted because of the divergence of the beam

45
Q

the farther from the CR,

A

the greater the distortion

46
Q

spatial distortion

A

the misrepresentation in the image of the actual spatial relationships among objects

image production and evaluation Semester 2 (4 decks)

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