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503 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Non-Declarative Memory

A
  • skill memories
  • non-verbal memory
  • classical conditioning and biological reflex
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2
Q

Declarative memory

A
  • Episodic
  • Semantic
  • Medial Temporal Lobe
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3
Q

Episodic Memory

A
  • Specific memories of an autobiographical event

- Temporal and spatial components

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4
Q

Semantic Memory

A
  • Factual memory

- Not tied to space and time

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5
Q

Flexibility of Communication

A
  • Episodic: generally flexible (e.g even though you may have never verbalized it, you can)
  • Semantic: same
  • Procedural: not flexible
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6
Q

Conscious Accessibility

A
  • Both semantic and episodic memories seem to be consciously accessible
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7
Q

Episodic v.s. Semantic

A
  • Semantic appears to come first (e.g context to have episodic memories)
  • Episodic memories are made after a single exposure
  • Semantic memories are made after multiple exposures
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8
Q

Episodic in non-humans

A
  • Tulving theorized that one must time travel to have episodic memories (e.g. re-live the event), therefore animals do not have it.
  • Gorillas display name memory
  • Jays can locate buried fruit
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9
Q

Memory Process

A
  • Encoded
  • Retained
  • Retrieved
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10
Q

Memory and Prior Knowledge

A
  • Memories are more easily formed in a context of information we already know
  • Bransford and Johnson Balloon experiment
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11
Q

Levels of Processing

A
  • Craik & Lockhart
  • Shallow processing: analysis of information based on basic sensory characteristics
  • Deep processing: analysis of information based on meaning (e.g. mental image, story)
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12
Q

Improving Memory

A
  • Increase depth of encoding
  • Organize information (create meaningful hierarchies and lists)
  • Mnemonics: acrostics (cue = first letter of each word), narratives
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13
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

Ebbinghaus

- The majority of what we learn is forgotten within the first few hours or days

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14
Q

Depression & ECT

A
  • ECT erases recent memories and new memories permanently
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15
Q

Transfer Appropriate Processing or Encoding Specificity

A
  • Retrieval is more likely to occur if the cues at retrieval match the cues from encoding
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16
Q

Theories of Forgetting

A
  • Decay
  • Interference: Proactive & Retroactive
  • Output Interference: attempting to retrieve the information actually interferes with retrieving it
  • Intentional Forgetting: repression, Fuge
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17
Q

Interference

A
  • When two memories overlap in content, both of them decrease in strength
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18
Q

Source Amnesia

A
  • Misattributing the source of information to the wrong source
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19
Q

Cryptomnesia

A
  • Mistakenly believing that our thoughts or ideas are novel
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20
Q

Imperfections of Declarative memory

A

Children susceptible to memory errors

  • Ceci (1993) Children and false story implementation
  • 50% of kids produced false stories
  • 35% recognized stories that never occurred
  • Ceci Sam Stone Story
  • introduced stranger and said he was clumsy
  • 72% claimed he had done bad deed and 44% said they had seen him do it
  • Declarative Memory is reconstructive, not reproductive
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21
Q

False Memories

A
  • False memories were created for adults regarding their childhood (pictures and stories)
  • Loftus persuaded college students that they had a negative experience with strawberry ice cream and 41% believed it
  • Area behind hippocampus is important in sorting novel info from old info
  • Medial temporal lobe is the only area that can determine what is a false memory
22
Q

Accuracy of declarative memory

A

1973 study showed that with the presentation of 10,000 photos could identify seen photos from novel ones at a 73% accuracy rate

23
Q

Semantic Memory

A
  • organized hierarchically
  • Agnosia: Greek for not knowing
  • Selective disruption of the ability to process certain information
  • Loss of semantic information that links the perception to the object
  • Visual, Auditory, and Tactile
24
Q

Ribot Gradient

A
  • Most memory that is impacted in amnesia is right around the time of the event
25
Q

Consolidation Theory

A
  • Hippocampus is initially important in the storage and retrieval of information, but over time this becomes less. Frontal lobe becomes more responsible as the information becomes more familiar
  • Moscovitch & Nadel theorize that the hippocampus is actually always involved in memory and that it mediates storage and retrieval
26
Q

Multiple Memory Trace Theory

A
  • Episodic memories are encoded by both cortical and hippocampal neurons. Some memories are spared after hippocampal damage
27
Q

Frontal Cortex & Memory

A
  • Helps determine what is and is not stored

- Can selectively inhibit hippocampal activity

28
Q

Subcortical Structures

A
  • Diencephelon: mammilary bodies, thalamus, mediodosal nucleus
  • Basal Forebrain
  • Both connected to the hippocampus via the fornix
  • If any of these is damaged, memory impairment may occur
29
Q

Korsakoff’s

A
  • Damage to mammilary bodies and mediodorsal nucleus
  • Alcoholism and thiamin deficiency
  • Lack of communication between frontal lobe and hippocampus
  • Confabulation
30
Q

Basal Forebrain

A
  • Sends GABA and ACh to hippocampus to stimulate and inhibit memory storage and retrieval
  • Affects plasticity of neurons in the hippocampus
31
Q

Functional Amnesia

A
  • Psychogenic Amnesia

- Decreased glucose metabolism in the medial temporal lobes

32
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A
  • number of consistent details decreased over time
  • inconsistent details increased
  • Different in terms of emotionality
  • High level of emotionality may make us believe things that didn’t really happen
  • media and other information may serve as interference
33
Q

Working Memory

A
  • STM that involves mental manipulation is referred to as working memory
  • The maintenance and manipulation of STM is an executive function
34
Q

Task Switching

A
  • The process of completing one task while simultaneously holding the another task in mind to switch to
  • Wisconsin Card Sort
35
Q

Stimulus Selection and Response Inhibition

A

Stroop

36
Q

Dorsolateral

A
  • Higher order executive controls

- Monitoring and manipulating information

37
Q

Ventrolateral

A
  • Left Anterior: Semantic
  • Left Posterior: Phonological
  • Right: Visiospatial
38
Q

ADHD and the FC

A
  • Smaller right PFC

- Ritalin helps with dopamine stimulation and re-uptake inhibition

39
Q

Skill Memory

A
  • Behaviors that improve over time with practice

- Cannot be vocalized

40
Q

Mundane Skills

A
  • Learned movements that are guided by sensory input
41
Q

Closed Skills

A
  • Performing defined movements (e.g dance)
42
Q

Open Skills

A
  • Skills that require and adaptive and variable response based on the environment (e.g. catching a frisbee)
43
Q

Tool Usage

A
  • Involves perceptual and motor skills
44
Q

Practice and feedback

A
  • Thondike’s line experiment
45
Q

Skill acquisition

A
  • Over time, the amount of time needed to preform a skill decreases
46
Q

Law of Diminishing Returns or Power Law of Learning

A
  • Over time, room for improvement in a skill decreases
  • enhancing practice can mediate this
  • frequent = good short term
  • infrequent = good long term
47
Q

Constant Practice

A
  • same conditions
48
Q

Variable Practice

A
  • different conditions

- better than constant

49
Q

Transfer Specificity

A
  • Restricted applicability of one skill to another domain or scenario
50
Q

3 Stages of Motor Programs

A
  • Cognitive: performing based on verbal rules
  • Associative: Actions become stereotyped
  • Autonomous: Automatic
51
Q

Apraxia

A
  • Lesions to the left parietal lobe
  • Inhibit the planning and coordination of complex motor movements
  • can make individual movements but not complex

503 (2 decks)

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