Test 2

Question 1

define kemalism

Answer 1

the political, economic, and social principles advocated by Kemal Atatürk and designed to create a modern republican secular Turkish state out of a portion of the Ottoman empire

Question 2

define Alevis

Answer 2

a religious group within Shia Islam combined with Sufi elements – Turkish minority

Question 3

define segmented clientelism

Answer 3

the distributive state has developed fiscal obligations towards its various clients in society, including a growing army of bureaucrats who partly act as brokers between the state and other individuals in society.

Question 4

define saudi-ization

Answer 4

is the national policy of Saudi Arabia to encourage employment of Saudi nationals in the private sector, which, as of 2006, was largely dominated by expatriate workers from Southeast Asia and to a lesser extent with western expatriates.

Question 5

define mahram

Answer 5

an unmarriageable kin who acts as a guardian for female relatives and family members

Question 6

define allegiance commission

Answer 6

the body responsible for determining future succession to the throne of Saudi Arabia.

Question 7

define patriarchy

Answer 7

Saudi systeme in which social organization marked by the supremacy of the father in the clan or family, the legal dependence of wives and children, and the reckoning of descent and inheritance in the male line

Question 8

Define Syrian National Council

Answer 8

coalition of Syrian opposition groups based inIstanbul, Turkey. Opposed to Assad

Question 9

define histadrut

Answer 9

• Israel’s organization of trade unions and one of the most powerful groups in Israel

Question 10

T or F, the AKP is a strongly nationalistic party

Answer 10

false

Question 11

what are the characteristics of the AKP?

Answer 11

• is a centre-right, social conservative political party in Turkey. It has developed from the tradition of Islamism, but has officially abandoned this ideology in favour of “conservative democracy”. pro-eu

Question 12

who is al-wahhab?

Answer 12

• was an Arabian Islamic Salafi scholar. His pact with Muhammad bin Saud helped to establish the first Saudi state[3] and began a dynastic alliance and power-sharing arrangement between their families which continues to the present day.[4] The descendants of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, the Al ash-Sheikh, have historically led the ulama in the Saudi state,[5]dominating the state’s clerical institutions

Question 13

define ikhwan

Answer 13

Islamic religious militia which formed the main military force of the Arab rulerIbn Saud and played a key role in establishing him as ruler of Saudi Arabia. made up of beduoin tribes

Question 14

define Mutawwa’in

Answer 14

Religious police of Saudi Arabia

Question 15

define bilogical determinism

Answer 15

term used in some sociological and feminist literature[1] to describe the belief that human behavior is controlled by an individual’s genes. They suggest that this view has played a negative role in creating popular notions relating to race, gender, and sexuality

Question 16

what is the million signatures campaign?

Answer 16

is a campaign by women in Iran to collect one million signatures in support of changing discriminatory laws against women in their country.

Question 17

what is the Washington consensus?

Answer 17

set of 10 relatively specific economic policy prescriptions that he considered constituted the “standard” reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, D.C.–based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and the US Treasury Department

Question 18

what are some examples of reform items required by the washington consensus?

Answer 18

macroeconomic stabilization
economic opening with respect to both trade and investment
expansion of market forces within the domestic economy

Question 19

define haganah

Answer 19

was a Jewish paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948, which later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces

Question 20

Kemal’s effect on turkey

Answer 20

initiated a program of radical social and cultural change
nationalist, secularist, and progressive lines
abolished the caliphate
adopted a secular educational system
took control of the mosques and other religious affairs
closed Islamic brotherhoods
Changed the alphabet from Arabic to Latin.
imposition on Turkish citizens of a monolithic, homogenous national identity that excluded other identitites.

Question 21

what are the undemocratic elements of turkey?

Answer 21

military rule to control “political terrorism”
includes closing of unions, political parties, and constitutions
widespread torture and abuse of opposition

Question 22

what are the democratic elements of turkey?

Answer 22

political parties are permitted

parliament

Question 23

what are some characteristics of the kemalists?

Answer 23

nationalistic
secular
They do not take into account racial, ideological, or religious factors when making decisions.

Question 24

what has been the impact on the process of joining the EU on turkey?

Answer 24

improved personal freedoms
improved cultural rights for minorities
reduction of military influence on politics
combat of illegal immigration
legislative and institutional reforms

Question 25

what are the elements of the clientelism of saudi arabia?

Answer 25

Use of oil revenues to reward the “faithful”

system of carrots and sticks

Question 26

what is the relationship between the saudi royal family and the ulama?

Answer 26

ulama are employees of the state
because they are civil servants they hesitate to question the king
they issue fatawa to legitimize the actions of the king during crisis

Question 27

what are the economic goals of saudi arabia?

Answer 27

privatization
diversification
saudi-ization

Question 28

how is saudi arabia progressing with privatization?

Answer 28

they are doing well

the private sector has increased to 46% from 20% twenty years ago

Question 29

how is saudi arabia progressing with regard to diversification?

Answer 29

making progress
lotions, undergarments, synthetic fiber
$500 billion investment into “economic cities” and employ saudi youth

Question 30

how is saudi arabia progressing with regard to saudi-ization?

Answer 30

they have made little progress

Expatriates hold 88% of the jobs in the private sector. Saudi women make up only about 15% of the workforce

Question 31

What is the role of “honor” in shaping gender relations in the region?

Answer 31

A damaged reputation can lead to economic hard times for the family because the family members may not be able to find work or obtain contracts to perform services.
• Violations of family honor by women are regarded as more serious than violations committed by men, thus women are bound by strict rules of conduct in regards to the opposite gender.

Question 32

what are the ethnic and religious divisions in saudi arabia?

Answer 32

majority sunni muslim of wahhabi tradition
expatriates (palestinians, philipinos, asians, etc.) of differing religions
shia minority

Question 33

what are the ethnic and religious divisions of syria?

Answer 33

Majority sunni muslim
kurds in the north
druze
prominent christian population
Ruled by Alawites (shia muslims)

Question 34

what are the ethnic and religious divisions of jordan?

Answer 34

majority sunni muslim
many palestinians which complicates politics
greek orthodox christians

Question 35

how stable is the jordanian regime compared to that of saudi arabia?

Answer 35

saudi arabi is more stable because it has vast oil wealth that can be distributed to quell disorder while jordan lacks such resources and cannot quell disorder as effectively as Saudi Arabia

Question 36

The impacts of the 1967 war on both the PLO and Israeli politics were what?

Answer 36

Arafat made PLO representatives of Palestinians
PLO controlled no territory and Israelis did not recognize it or the Palestinians as a distinct group
the Israeli government allowed and encouraged its own citizens to settle in the West Bank and Gaza
PLO powerless because they were headquartered in other countries

Question 37

What were the sources of legitimacy for the Assad regime?

Answer 37

“state of emergency” which grants authoritarian powers

increased openness in regards to economic activities

Question 38

describe the muslim brotherhood of syria

Answer 38

political positions are moderate
pledges to respect individual rights
promote pluralism and democracy
does not even "mention the word Islam"
does not have representation in politics
believed to be funding behind the Free Syrian Army opposition group

Question 39

describe the muslim brotherhood of Jordan?

Answer 39

allowed to operate by the King of Jordan
formed its own political party, the Islamic Action Front
controls the majority of seats in the parliament

Question 40

What was the impact of the colonial states on the political economy of states in the region?

Answer 40

no interest in establishing responsible governance
designed policies to serve external and commercial aims
created large land holders which increased inequality
land holders resisted industrialization
some new states had resources while others did not

Question 41

what is the role and impact of state economic development in the middle east?

Answer 41

they feel that the state should guide the economy
being in with parties was required to obtain licences, etc
economies set up to support ruling elite
economy weakens domestic rivals
economy set up to legitimize the ruling regime
political gate-keepers to economy
trade protection and subsidies for political leverage
control of credit allocation
construction of infrastructure
income inequalities

Question 42

what has been the impact of oil on domestic politics?

Answer 42

soft budget constraints
trickle-down wealth to ensure loyalty
no need to tax=no need to represent
gaining favor with the ruler becomes top priority
underdeveloped administration capacities
one-dimensional economies

Question 43

What has been the role of economic factors in the Arab uprisings?

Answer 43

states with resources are able to quell unrest

states without resources are unable to quell unrest and are therefore overthrown

Question 44

the islamic action front is the political party of whom?

Answer 44

jordanian muslim brotherhood