Test 2 Flashcards
Identify the general physiology of the respiratory system
- Physiology: gas exchange and air distribution
- secondary: warms, filters, and humidifies
Distinguish between the two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system and identify the organs of each
- The upper respiratory tract: The nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx
- The lower respiratory tract: The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
gas exchangers
Alveoli
How many lobes in each lung
- right lung: there are three.. Superior, middle, and inferior
- Left lung: there are two.. the superior and the inferior
How many segments in each lung
- right lung: 10
- left lung: 8
Which lung is larger and why?
The right lung is larger because the left is impeded by the heart
What is internal and external respiration
External: pulmonary ventilation (breathing), pulmonary gas exchange
Internal: systematic tissue gas exchange, cellular respiration
What is the respiratory cycle?
Ventilation, and breathing
What are the phases of the respiratory cycle?
Inspiration and expiration
What are the phases of inspiration?
- muscles and diaphragm contracting, pulling the rib cage up and out which pulls the lungs
- volume goes up
- decrease in pressure
- air flows in
What are the phases of expiration?
- Muscles and diaphragm relax
- rib cage goes back in, lungs decreased
- return to normal volume
- pressure goes up
- Air goes out
what mechanism does gas exchange with blood take place?
Diffusion, passive transfer concentration.
What chemical levels of the body monitor in order to regulate cellular respiration?
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- pH level
Distinguish between alveolar ventilation and perfusion
- ventilation: airflow to the alveoli
- perfusion: blood flow to the alveoli
State the general function of the digestive system
Breakdown of food for absorption and use by all of the cells of the body
Describe the path of food through the body
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- peritoneum
List three functions of the stomach
- Food reservoir
- secretes gastric juice to help digest
- breaks food into small pieces
Identify the organ which the majority of absorption takes place
The small intestine
List the three accessory digestive organs
- liver: produces bile to break down fat
- galbladder: stores the bile in concentrate
- pancreas: secretes insulin, and contains many enzymes necessary for digestion
List three functions of the liver
- Bile production
- Storage of iron and some vitamins
- detoxication
Mechanism of pulmonary ventilation
-The pressure of the gas varies inversely with volume at a constant temperature
-The pulmonary ventilation mechanism must establish to gas pressure gradients
Pressure gradients are established by changes in size of thoracic cavity that are produced by contraction and relaxation of muscles
When is the pressure higher?
Upon expiration
What determines the direction of flow?
partial pressure gradient
What is mechanical digestion?
Changes ingested food from large particles into small particles to facilitate chemical digestion
What is chemical digestion?
Chemical digestion involves changes in the chemical composition of food as it travels through the digestive tract because of hydrolysis.
What is peristalsis?
I wavelike ripple of muscle layer of a hollow organ that produces forward movement of matter along the G.I. tract
What is segmentation?
Digestive reflexes cause of back-and-forth movement within single segment of the G.I. tract
What molecule is necessary for chemical digestion?
H20, water
Why does the pancreatic juice contain sodium bicarbonate?
Bicarbonate increases the pH for optimal enzyme function; its manufacture also helps restore normal pH of the
How does absorbed food travel to the liver?
By way of the portal system
What are the accessory structures of the respiratory system?
- oral cavity
- rib cage
- diaphragm
What are the different pulmonary volumes?
Tidal volume: you must upon regular expiration
Expiratory reserve volume: amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal expiration
Inspiratory reserve volume: amount of air that can forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation
Residual volume: amount of air that stays in lungs at all times
Mechanism of absorption?
Can happen by diffusion or osmosis for water
Secondary active transport for sodium
Sodium co-transport for glucose
Fats are transported with help of bile salts absorbed by the villi
