Test 2

Question 1

Under which of the following circumstances do errors in model physics have the highest impact?

A. When dynamic forcing is strong
B. When physical processes are strong
C. When dynamic forcing is weak
D. When physical processes are weak

Answer 1

B and C

Question 2

Which of the following elements help forecasters add value over NWP?

A. Continuous MetWatch
B. Use of MOS for rare events
C. Regular use of verification
D. Forecaster experince

Answer 2

A, C, and D

Question 3

Which of the following tools help forecasters perform the continuous meteorological watch (MetWatch)?

A. Radar reflectivity and velocity
B. Medium-range NWP forecasts
C. Satellite depictions
D. Surface analyses

Answer 3

A, C, and D

Question 4

True or False.

Model analysis and forecaster experience have a direct impact on the final forecast issued by meteorologists.

Answer 4

True.

Question 5

The following statement is about MOS guidance.
True or False.

Data sets are seasonally stratified.

Answer 5

True.

Question 6

The following statement is about MOS guidance.
True or False.

Model guidance will lead to a good forecast if environmental conditions are typical for the event.

Answer 6

True.

Question 7

The following statement is about MOS guidance.
True or False.

Model guidance is skillful in forecasting atypical events.

Answer 7

False.

Question 8

The following statement is about MOS guidance.
True or False.

Regional parametrization affects MOS guidance.

Answer 8

False.

Question 9

The following statement is about MOS guidance.
True or False.

Model guidance corrects for the systematic errors in the NWP models.

Answer 9

True.

Question 10

A major snowstorm is to occur on the 10th of October at a station in Nebraska. Snow is rarely observed in early October at this location, and the air mass accompanying and following the storm is unusually cold. Forecast 850-mb temperatures are expected to be at least 3 standard deviations below normal, which is statistically present only 1% of the time. Based on this, how would you adjust the temperatures for October 12 (day 4)?

A. I would use them as presented because MOS removes statistical bias.
B. I would use them as presented because MOS predicts extreme events well.
C. I would lower them because of the unusual snow cover and the cold air mass.
D. I would raise them because of the unusual snow cover and the cold air mass.

Answer 10

C.

Question 11

Which of the following situations present opportunities to improve on the NWP forecast?

A. Forecasting temperature in the medium range when your area is in a stable block
B. Forecasting severe weather in the short range when convection is initiating.
C. Forecasting temperatures is areas of rugged terrain.
D. Forecasting precipitation for a landfalling hurricane

Answer 11

B, C, and D

Question 12

Limited area models (LAMs) have ___________ and _________ boundaries.

Answer 12

lateral (horizontal)

vertical

Question 13

Global models have only __________ boundaries.

Answer 13

vertical

Question 14

Where do limited area models get their boundary information?

Three sources

Answer 14

From global models they are nested in.
Data assimilation.
Some type of climatological or fixed value.

Question 15

What are some key issues related to model domain to consider when using model guidance, specifically in limited area models (LAMs)?

Answer 15

• proximity of local forecast area to model boundaries
• the quality and resolution of the forecast of the larger-domain model used to supply boundary conditions for the limited-area model
• the accuracy in which the physical processes are depicted

Question 16

Errors in the larger-domain model are (amplified/subdued) when incorporated in the limited-area model.

Why?

Answer 16

Amplified

LAMs are generally higher-resolution than their global counterparts.

Question 17

Lateral boundary conditions on LAMs affect the position and evolution of features within the domain. What can be accurately represented regardless of boundary location? What suffers?

Answer 17

Jet streaks and fronts (especially those downwind of a boundary)
Wave pattern – almost entirely determined by boundary conditions

Question 18

The influence of boundary conditions spreads (toward/away from) and particularly (upstream/downstream) of the boundaries.

Answer 18

away from

downstream

Question 19

Where is the area of primary forecast concern in a LAM?

Answer 19

as far away from the boundaries as possible, especially the upstream boundary

Question 20

True or False.

As the area between the nest model boundary and the LAM boundary increases, the space “wasted” to prevent boundary-condition errors decreases.

Answer 20

True.

Question 21

What is one-way interaction in LAMs?

Answer 21

Information flows in one direction from the previously integrated nest model.

Question 22

Name the 3 models in which the LAMs are nested within larger versions of the same model.

Answer 22

UW-NMS, ARPS, MM5

Question 23

Why is model nesting necessary?

Answer 23

Computer speed and memory limitations prohibit fine-resolution

Question 24

What is two-way resolution in LAMs?

Answer 24

When the finer scale model is overlain with the coarser version and they interact with each other

Question 25

What are the advantages of two-way resolution?

Answer 25

- it allows fine scale processes to affect the larger scale processes - allows the boundary to be moved to reduce error and keeps the fine model small enough to run in real time - reduces the conflict in different equations with different models

Question 26

What are sources of error for horizontal nesting?

Answer 26

- accuracy errors in the forecast supplying the boundary conditions - differences in forecasting from the larger scale model to the smaller scale model

Question 27

In horizontal nesting, a well-resolved wave will move at a (slower/correct/faster) speed and a poorly-resolved wave will move at a (slower/correct/faster) speed.

Answer 27

correct | slower

Question 28

What is the worst error that can occur when dealing with wave propagation and horizontal nesting?

Answer 28

wave refraction

Question 29

What kind of waves is the wave refraction error prominent in? On what meteorological scale do wave refraction errors occur?

Answer 29

waves poorly resolved on the coarser mesh feeding the model mesoscale

Question 30

What meteorological features can be affected by refraction or redirection of waves at model's lateral boundaries?

Answer 30

``` precipitation fields temperature fields jet streak structure vertical motion field intensity and placement of surface lows ```

Question 31

Where are model tops placed?

Answer 31

well above the tropopause

Question 32

True or False. Vertical motion is allowed to pass through the model top.

Answer 32

False.

Question 33

What is the main forecast concern with a rigid model top?

Answer 33

Gravity wave refraction

Question 34

How is the gravity motion problem with rigid model tops dealt with?

Answer 34

The numerical implementation of an "absorbing" or "dampening" layer.

Question 35

Of the model components listed below, which five have the greatest impact on the accuracy of boundary conditions input to the surface layer of a model's vertical domain? ``` A. Horizontal resolution B. Vertical resolution C. Vertical coordinate D. Forecast precipitation accuracy E. Radiation and surface physics F. Convective parametrization G. Model top location ```

Answer 35

A, B, C, D, E

Question 36

Which of the following low-level parameters of model output are directly affected by the accuracy of the boundary conditions input to the model surface layer? ``` A. Temperature gradient B. Moisture C. Winds D. Turbulence E. Stability ```

Answer 36

All dat shit.

Question 37

What approaches can both modelers and forecasters take to alleviate some of the errors introduced by boundary conditions?

Answer 37

Modelers - improve the physics parameterizations of the model Forecasters - check boundary areas against real-time data

Question 38

Match each domain element with its characteristic or impact. ``` A. Model top boundary B. Limited area models C. Lateral boundary condition source D. Global (continuous grid) E. Grid interaction F. Surface layer boundary condition ``` i. Data interpolation required at the boundaries ii. Wave reflection iii. No lateral boundaries iv. One- or two-way information exchange v. Quality of boundary data inputs vi. Accuracy and depiction of physical processes and characteristics

Answer 38

``` A. - ii. B. - i. C. - v. D. - iii. E. - iv. F. - vi. ```

Question 39

# Choose all of the domain elements that apply to global models. A. Model top boundary B. Lateral boundary conditions C. Grid interaction with a larger domain model D. Boundary conditions at the surface layer E. Multiple grid interactions

Answer 39

A and D

Question 40

# Choose all of the domain elements that apply to limited area models. A. Model top boundary B. Lateral boundary conditions C. Grid interaction with a larger domain model D. Boundary conditions at the surface layer E. Multiple grid interactions

Answer 40

ALLA DEEZ

Question 41

Which four of the following initial lower boundary variables have the most sensitivity to a lack of observational data? ``` A. Sea surface temperature B. Snow mass C. Soil moisture D. Land surface temperature E. Snow cover F. Sea ice ```

Answer 41

B, C, D, E