Test #2 Flashcards
Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs) have the most influence over nursing practice by __________________.
defining the scope of nurses’ professional functions and responsibilities
The primary intent of NPAs is to ____________.
protect the public from unskilled, undereducated, and unlicensed personnel.
Medication classification indicates
- _____________
- ____________
- _____________
the effect of the medication on a body system
the symptoms the medication relieves
its desired effect
Name the solid forms of medication.
Solid Forms
Caplet
Shaped like capsule and coated for ease of swallowing
Capsule
Medication encased in gelatin shell
Tablet
Powdered medication compressed into hard disk or cylinder; in addition to primary medication, contains binders (adhesive to allow powder to stick together), disintegrators (to promote tablet dissolution), lubricants (for ease of manufacturing), and fillers (for convenient tablet size)
Enteric-coated tablet
Coated tablet that does not dissolve in stomach; coatings dissolve in intestine, where medication is absorbed
Name the liquid forms of medicaiton.
Elixir
Clear fluid containing water and/or alcohol; often sweetened
Extract
Syrup or dried form of pharmacologically active medication, usually made by evaporating solution
Aqueous solution
Substance dissolved in water and syrups
Aqueous suspension
Finely divided drug particles dispersed in liquid medium; when suspension is left standing, particles settle to bottom of container
Syrup
Medication dissolved in a concentrated sugar solution
Other Oral Forms and Terms Associated with Oral Preparations
Troche (lozenge)
Flat, round tablets that dissolve in mouth to release medication; not meant for ingestion
Aerosol
Aqueous medication sprayed and absorbed in mouth and upper airway; not meant for ingestion
Sustained release
Tablet or capsule that contains small particles of a medication coated with material that requires a varying amount of time to dissolve
Medication Forms Commonly Prepared for Administration by Topical Route
Ointment (salve or cream)
Semisolid, externally applied preparation, usually containing one or more medications
Liniment
Usually contains alcohol, oil, or soapy emollient applied to skin
Lotion
Liquid suspension that usually protects, cools, or cleanses skin
Paste
Thick ointment; absorbed through skin more slowly than ointment; often used for skin protection
Transdermal disk or patch
Medicated disk or patch absorbed through skin slowly over long period of time (e.g., 24 hours, 1 week)
Medication Forms Commonly Prepared for Administration by Parenteral Route
Solution
Sterile preparation that contains water with one or more dissolved compounds
Powder
Sterile particles of medication that are dissolved in a sterile liquid (e.g., water, normal saline) before administration
Medication Forms Commonly Prepared for Instillation Into Body Cavities
Intraocular disk
Small, flexible oval (similar to contact lens) consisting of two soft, outer layers and a middle layer containing medication; slowly releases medication when moistened by ocular fluid
Suppository
Solid dosage form mixed with gelatin and shaped in form of pellet for insertion into body cavity (rectum or vagina); melts when it reaches body temperature, releasing medication for absorption
Pharmacokinetics is the study of ________________.
how medications enter the body, reach their site of action, metabolize, and exit the body.
Which form of medication produces the most rapid absorption
Intravenous (IV) injection
__________ medications pass through the gastric mucosa rapidly
Acidic
Medications that are ________ are not absorbed before reaching the small intestine.
basic
Medications are absorbed as _______ comes in contact with the site of administration.
blood
Because the cell membrane has a _________, highly _________ medications cross cell membranes easily and are absorbed quickly.
lipid layer
lipid-soluble
The blood-brain barrier allows only ________ medications to pass into the brain and cerebral spinal fluid
fat-soluble
The placental membrane has a _________ barrier to medications which means that Fat-soluble and nonfat-soluble agents often cross the placenta and produce __________.
nonselective
fetal deformities
Most medications partially bind to ______. Medications bound to this substance cannot exert pharmacological activity. The unbound or “free” medication is its ______ form.
albumin
active
___________ occurs under the influence of enzymes that detoxify, break down, and remove biologically active chemicals.
Biotransformation
Most _________ occurs within the liver, although the lungs, kidneys, blood, and intestines also metabolize medications. The liver ________ many harmful chemicals before they become distributed to the tissues.
biotransformation
degrades
The exocrine glands excretes what kind of medications?
lipid-soluble
Medications that enter the ________ circulation are broken down by the liver and excreted into the ______.
hepatic
bile
Which are the main organs for excretions of medication?
The kidneys
The ________ effect is the expected or predicted physiological response that a medication causes.
therapeutic
___________ effects are unintended, undesirable, and often unpredictable severe responses to medication.
Adverse
A(n) __________ reaction is one in which a patient overreacts or underreacts to a medication or has a reaction different from normal
idiosyncratic
The __________ range of a medication occurs between the minimum effective concentration and the ______ concentration.
therapeutic
toxic
__________ administration involves injecting a medication into body tissues.
Parenteral
Name and define the 4 types of parenteral administration of medication.
1 Intradermal (ID): Injection into the dermis just under the epidermis
2 Subcutaneous: Injection into tissues just below the dermis of the skin
3 Intramuscular (IM): Injection into a muscle
4 Intravenous (IV): Injection into a vein
__________ and _________ administer intrathecal medications through a catheter placed in the ____________ or one of the ventricles of the brain.
Physicians, specially educated nurses
subarachnoid space
1 kg = ___ lb
2.2
A ______ order is more specific than a one-time order and is used when a patient needs a medication quickly but not right away. When receiving this type of order, the nurse has up to ___ minutes to administer the medication. Only administer now medications one time.
now
90
Rx = _______________
“take thou” and per the inscription
DEA # = _____________
Drug enforcement agency. Practitioners who wish the prescribe controlled substances must register w/ the FDEA & this number must be on the prescription.
Process for Medication Reconciliation (4 steps)
1 Verify: Obtain a comprehensive and current list of the patient’s medications. Be sure to ask about vitamins, herbal and nutritional supplements, over-the-counter medications, insulin pens, transdermal patches, inhalers, and other medications that people do not typically consider to be medications).
2 Clarify: Make sure that the list of medications, dosages, and frequencies is accurate; clarify the list with as many people as necessary (e.g., patient, caregiver, health care providers, pharmacists) to ensure accuracy.
3 Reconcile: Compare new medication orders with the current list; investigate any discrepancies with the patient’s health care provider. Use computerized medical records and computerized prescriber order entry when possible to help with this process.
4 Transmit: Communicate the updated and verified list to caregivers and the patient as appropriate. Teach patients to carry list of current medications and share with all health care providers.
The 6 Rights to medication administration
(Patients Do Drugs Round the Day)
- The right medication
- The right dose
- The right patient
- The right route
- The right time
- The right documentation
What is the proper head position for instilling nose drops into the ethmoid and sphenoid sinus?
Tilted back
What is the proper head position for instilling nose drops into the frontal and maxillary sinuses?
to the side
In general syringes are classified as being _____ or _____.
Luer-Lok or non–Luer-Lok
Never mix which two types of insulin with other types of insulin?
glargine (Lantus) or insulin detemir (Levemir)
Subcutaneous injections involve placing medications into the __________ under the _______.
loose connective tissue
dermis
