Test #2

Question 1

Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs) have the most influence over nursing practice by __________________.

Answer 1

defining the scope of nurses’ professional functions and responsibilities

Question 2

The primary intent of NPAs is to ____________.

Answer 2

protect the public from unskilled, undereducated, and unlicensed personnel.

Question 3

Medication classification indicates

1. _____________
2. ____________
3. _____________

Answer 3

the effect of the medication on a body system

the symptoms the medication relieves

its desired effect

Question 4

Name the solid forms of medication.

Answer 4

Solid Forms

Caplet

Shaped like capsule and coated for ease of swallowing

Capsule

Medication encased in gelatin shell

Tablet

Powdered medication compressed into hard disk or cylinder; in addition to primary medication, contains binders (adhesive to allow powder to stick together), disintegrators (to promote tablet dissolution), lubricants (for ease of manufacturing), and fillers (for convenient tablet size)

Enteric-coated tablet

Coated tablet that does not dissolve in stomach; coatings dissolve in intestine, where medication is absorbed

Question 5

Name the liquid forms of medicaiton.

Answer 5

Elixir

Clear fluid containing water and/or alcohol; often sweetened

Extract

Syrup or dried form of pharmacologically active medication, usually made by evaporating solution

Aqueous solution

Substance dissolved in water and syrups

Aqueous suspension

Finely divided drug particles dispersed in liquid medium; when suspension is left standing, particles settle to bottom of container

Syrup

Medication dissolved in a concentrated sugar solution

Question 6

Other Oral Forms and Terms Associated with Oral Preparations

Answer 6

Troche (lozenge)

Flat, round tablets that dissolve in mouth to release medication; not meant for ingestion

Aerosol

Aqueous medication sprayed and absorbed in mouth and upper airway; not meant for ingestion

Sustained release

Tablet or capsule that contains small particles of a medication coated with material that requires a varying amount of time to dissolve

Question 7

Medication Forms Commonly Prepared for Administration by Topical Route

Answer 7

Ointment (salve or cream)

Semisolid, externally applied preparation, usually containing one or more medications

Liniment

Usually contains alcohol, oil, or soapy emollient applied to skin

Lotion

Liquid suspension that usually protects, cools, or cleanses skin

Paste

Thick ointment; absorbed through skin more slowly than ointment; often used for skin protection

Transdermal disk or patch

Medicated disk or patch absorbed through skin slowly over long period of time (e.g., 24 hours, 1 week)

Question 8

Medication Forms Commonly Prepared for Administration by Parenteral Route

Answer 8

Solution

Sterile preparation that contains water with one or more dissolved compounds

Powder

Sterile particles of medication that are dissolved in a sterile liquid (e.g., water, normal saline) before administration

Question 9

Medication Forms Commonly Prepared for Instillation Into Body Cavities

Answer 9

Intraocular disk

Small, flexible oval (similar to contact lens) consisting of two soft, outer layers and a middle layer containing medication; slowly releases medication when moistened by ocular fluid

Suppository

Solid dosage form mixed with gelatin and shaped in form of pellet for insertion into body cavity (rectum or vagina); melts when it reaches body temperature, releasing medication for absorption

Question 10

Pharmacokinetics is the study of ________________.

Answer 10

how medications enter the body, reach their site of action, metabolize, and exit the body.

Question 11

Which form of medication produces the most rapid absorption

Answer 11

Intravenous (IV) injection

Question 12

__________ medications pass through the gastric mucosa rapidly

Answer 12

Acidic

Question 13

Medications that are ________ are not absorbed before reaching the small intestine.

Answer 13

basic

Question 14

Medications are absorbed as _______ comes in contact with the site of administration.

Answer 14

blood

Question 15

Because the cell membrane has a _________, highly _________ medications cross cell membranes easily and are absorbed quickly.

Answer 15

lipid layer

lipid-soluble

Question 16

The blood-brain barrier allows only ________ medications to pass into the brain and cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 16

fat-soluble

Question 17

The placental membrane has a _________ barrier to medications which means that Fat-soluble and nonfat-soluble agents often cross the placenta and produce __________.

Answer 17

nonselective

fetal deformities

Question 18

Most medications partially bind to ______. Medications bound to this substance cannot exert pharmacological activity. The unbound or “free” medication is its ______ form.

Answer 18

albumin

active

Question 19

___________ occurs under the influence of enzymes that detoxify, break down, and remove biologically active chemicals.

Answer 19

Biotransformation

Question 20

Most _________ occurs within the liver, although the lungs, kidneys, blood, and intestines also metabolize medications. The liver ________ many harmful chemicals before they become distributed to the tissues.

Answer 20

biotransformation

degrades

Question 21

The exocrine glands excretes what kind of medications?

Answer 21

lipid-soluble

Question 22

Medications that enter the ________ circulation are broken down by the liver and excreted into the ______.

Answer 22

hepatic

bile

Question 23

Which are the main organs for excretions of medication?

Answer 23

The kidneys

Question 24

The ________ effect is the expected or predicted physiological response that a medication causes.

Answer 24

therapeutic

Question 25

___________ effects are unintended, undesirable, and often unpredictable severe responses to medication.

Answer 25

Adverse

Question 26

A(n) __________ reaction is one in which a patient overreacts or underreacts to a medication or has a reaction different from normal

Answer 26

idiosyncratic

Question 27

The __________ range of a medication occurs between the minimum effective concentration and the ______ concentration.

Answer 27

therapeutic

toxic

Question 28

__________ administration involves injecting a medication into body tissues.

Answer 28

Parenteral

Question 29

Name and define the 4 types of parenteral administration of medication.

Answer 29

1 Intradermal (ID): Injection into the dermis just under the epidermis

2 Subcutaneous: Injection into tissues just below the dermis of the skin

3 Intramuscular (IM): Injection into a muscle

4 Intravenous (IV): Injection into a vein

Question 30

__________ and _________ administer intrathecal medications through a catheter placed in the ____________ or one of the ventricles of the brain.

Answer 30

Physicians, specially educated nurses

subarachnoid space

Question 31

1 kg = ___ lb

Answer 31

2.2

Question 32

A ______ order is more specific than a one-time order and is used when a patient needs a medication quickly but not right away. When receiving this type of order, the nurse has up to ___ minutes to administer the medication. Only administer now medications one time.

Answer 32

now

90

Question 33

Rx = _______________

Answer 33

“take thou” and per the inscription

Question 34

DEA # = _____________

Answer 34

Drug enforcement agency. Practitioners who wish the prescribe controlled substances must register w/ the FDEA & this number must be on the prescription.

Question 35

Process for Medication Reconciliation (4 steps)

Answer 35

1 Verify: Obtain a comprehensive and current list of the patient’s medications. Be sure to ask about vitamins, herbal and nutritional supplements, over-the-counter medications, insulin pens, transdermal patches, inhalers, and other medications that people do not typically consider to be medications).

2 Clarify: Make sure that the list of medications, dosages, and frequencies is accurate; clarify the list with as many people as necessary (e.g., patient, caregiver, health care providers, pharmacists) to ensure accuracy.

3 Reconcile: Compare new medication orders with the current list; investigate any discrepancies with the patient’s health care provider. Use computerized medical records and computerized prescriber order entry when possible to help with this process.

4 Transmit: Communicate the updated and verified list to caregivers and the patient as appropriate. Teach patients to carry list of current medications and share with all health care providers.

Question 36

The 6 Rights to medication administration

(Patients Do Drugs Round the Day)

Answer 36

1. The right medication
2. The right dose
3. The right patient
4. The right route
5. The right time
6. The right documentation

Question 37

What is the proper head position for instilling nose drops into the ethmoid and sphenoid sinus?

Answer 37

Tilted back

Question 38

What is the proper head position for instilling nose drops into the frontal and maxillary sinuses?

Answer 38

to the side

Question 39

In general syringes are classified as being _____ or _____.

Answer 39

Luer-Lok or non–Luer-Lok

Question 40

Never mix which two types of insulin with other types of insulin?

Answer 40

glargine (Lantus) or insulin detemir (Levemir)

Question 41

Subcutaneous injections involve placing medications into the __________ under the _______.

Answer 41

loose connective tissue

dermis