Test 2 Flashcards
0
Q
What’s the general purpose of Cassettes?
A
- has a pair of intensifying screen (1 on front and 1 on back), and are used with dual emulsion film.
- allows the film exposure to double with a given x-ray
1
Q
What do cassettes provide?
A
- light-tight holder for film during use
- rigid support (avoids damage while handling)
- suitable mounting for the intensifying screens while in contact with film
2
Q
Special systems for high detail work (e.g., mammography) use what kind of cassettes?
A
they’re special cassettes only having a single screen and single-emulsion film.
3
Q
What are Intensifying Screens coated with?
A
*Flourescent crystals
4
Q
What are Phosphors?
A
Florescent crystals
5
Q
What happens when Phosphors are exposed to x-rays?
A
Fluoresce (Give off light)
6
Q
What percentage of the image is formed by the screen light?
A
99%
7
Q
What’s the purpose of the intensifying screen?
A
Reduce the amount of exposure required (dec. patient dose)
8
Q
What is the composition of the Intensifying screen?
A
Support Layer Reflective Layer Adhesive Layer Phosphor Layer Protective Layer
9
Q
What is screen speed?
A
- The efficiency of a screen in converting x-rays to light
* Greater efficiency=less exposure necessary=”faster screen”
10
Q
What’s industry standard screen speed?
A
100
11
Q
What screen speed would be 2x’s as fast as a 100-speed screen and require 1/2 as much exposure?
A
200
12
Q
What’s the screen speed for general purpose radiography?
A
300-400 (good for spinal application)
13
Q
Screen speed for Extremity radiograph?
A
100
14
Q
Screen Speed: ultra detail (extremity, non-bucky use)?
A
50
15
Q
Screen Speed: detail (extremity, non-bucky use)
A
100
16
Q
Screen Speed: Exceptional detail for routine work?
A
200
17
Q
Screen Speed: Good detail for routine work?
A
400
18
Q
Screen speed: Moderate detail for routine work?
A
600
19
Q
Screen Speed: very high speed, lowdetail?
A
800-1200
20
Q
Best speeds used for NMS?
A
100 & 600
21
Q
What happens to the radiographic detail when the speed is greater (fast=50, 100)?
A
More x-rays expose the thick phosphor layer’s large crystals; therefore, LESS radiographic detail
22
Q
What are the screen phosphors composition?
A
Rare Earth Phosphors (gadolinium, lanthanum, yttrium)
23
Q
Are Rare Earth Phosphors more efficient?
A
Yes, 4x more efficient than old technology
24
What is Spectral Emission?
*Refers to color of light emitted by a phosphor.
25
What are typical colors of Spectral Emission?
* green or yellow-green
| * blue or blue-violet
26
Does the light of the screen need to match the spectral sensitivity of the film?
Yes
27
What are the characteristics of the typical Modern Regular/Rapid Screen?
Rare Earth Crystals, Moderate Crystal Size, Medium Phosphor Thickness, Reflective Layer, Relative Speed: 200-600
28
What are the modern screen characteristics of a Detail/Extremity Screen?
Rare Earth Crystals, small crystal size, thin phosphor thickness, reflective layer, relative speed: 50-100
29
What screen has Moderate Crystal Size, Medium Phosphor Thickness, and 200-600 speed?
Regular/Rapid Screen
30
What Screen has Small Crystal Size, Thin Phosphor Thickness, & 50-100 speed?
Detail/Extremity
31
What does this equation represent:
| Speed1/Speed2 X mAs1 = mAs2
Adjusting Exposure for Variations in Screen Speed
32
If 10 mAs and 100 speed is good for an ankle radiograph; however, you change the speed to 400. What will the new mAs be?
```
speed1/speed2 X mAs1 = mAs2
speed1 = 100
speed2 = 400
mAs1 = 10
mAs2 = 2.5
```
33
Rules for routine care of screen?
1. handle carefully (no dropping/bumping corners)
2. never leave cassette lying open
3. hands ALWAYS are clean & dry
4. minimize environmental dust
5. clean screens promptly when dirty (Monthly or more frequent)
34
Consequence for dirty intensifying screens?
Blocks the screen light from reaching the film, creating "screen dirt artifacts"
35
T or F: Screen builds up static electricity charge which attracts dust and dirt.
True
36
Is it important to have good Film and Screen contact? Why or why not?
Yes; if there's space then light divergence from the screens causes blurring of the film image.
37
What are some causes of poor film-screen contact?
* pocket of trapped air
* foreign material in the cassette or screen
* dents outside or inside cassette
* damage from improper mounting of screen
* pad layer deterioration
* warping of screen from being wet
* warping of cassette frame due to dropping or rough hangling
38
What are the following descriptors describing:
*a permanent record of the x-ray image, similar to a photographic film, has emulsion on both sides (duplitized), decreases exposure time/patient dose by 1/2?
Radiographic film
39
How is the film constructed?
Has photographic emulsion at each end (dual emulsion) AND polyester base in the center
40
What are characteristics of the Film Base?
Strong/flexible, optically clear, blue tint (reduce eye strain), consistent thickness (for even exposure)
41
What makes up the photographic emulsion?
* Gelatin (support medium)
* SILVER HALIDE MICRO-CRYSTALS (active ingredient); silver bromide is 90% & silver iodide is 10%
* Silver sulfide (catalyst)
42
How does the emulsion respond to light or x-rays?
* silver halide crystals undergo a physical change
* when placed in a developer solution the exposed crystals are reduced to black metallic silver and the unexposed crystals are unaffected
43
What is the pattern of exposed and unexposed crystals on a film?
Latent Image
44
What physical stimuli can expose film?
Light, x-ray, heat, certain chemicals or fumes, pressure, age, improper storage (results in "fogging")
45
How should a film be stored?
clean and dry location, 50-70 degrees Fahrenheit, away from fumes and radiation, standing on edge, expired date clearly visible
46
What characteristics influence the sensitivity/speed of the film?
size of silver halide crystals AND thickness of the emulsion
47
What does latitude mean with reference to film?
wide range of densities can be recorded on the film
48
What characteristic is inversely related to latitude?
Contrast (low contrast film has longer latitude-more grays)
49
What represents the Y & X-axis of the Sensitometric (H & D) curve?
Y-axis is Density of the body
| X-axis is a logarithm of relative exposure
50
What is optical density?
Numerical representation of the film's ability to transmit light.
51
What is the Toe at the bottom of the H&D curve?
the measure of light absorbed by film base, plus any fog
| the length of the toe indicates sensitivity of film to fog
52
What does the Shoulder/D-Max at the top of the H&D curve represent?
film's maximum density (further exposure doesn't make more density)
53
The location of the Body of the H&D curve indicates what?
Film speed (closer to the left = faster film)
54
What does slope indicate on the H&D curve?
Film contrast (steep = short scale/high contrast)
55
What is spectral sensitivity?
portion of electromagnetic spectrum the film is most sensitive to (green or blue light)
56
What does the spectral sensitivity of the film match on the screen?
Spectral Emission of the screen (inappropriate matching increases exposure required)
57
What are Film types?
Dual emulsion vs. Single emulsion; contrast vs. latitude; spectral sensitivity; speed vs. detail film; duplicating film
58
A single emulsion film is used for special exposures (ie. mammography) where detail is important; therefore, what is dual emulsion used for?
General-purpose radiography (typically quite fast, and moderate to high contrast)
59
Latitude film provides lots of grays and less__________?
Contrast
60
What type of film is used for examination of body parts (ie. chest) with high subject contrast?
Latitude film
61
Blue films and green films are what type of films?
Spectral sensitivity
62
What is a function of crystal size?
Speed vs. detail
63
What does small and large crystals provide?
Small crystals = better detail sharpness
| Large crystals = greater speed
64
Duplicating film uses _________emulsion and has notch on the top edge.
Single
65
When establishing a Processor Quality control program there are 2 necessary equipment?
Sensitometer AND Densitometer
66
What baseline standards should be established when processor is operating optimally?
* chemical change within the past week
* films have been coming out well
* sensitometric films have been consitent
67
What does a sensitometer do?
* Exposes film in darkroom to create a gray scale
| * precisely controlled light source
68
What's the purpose of a densitometer?
*used to measure radiographic densities on sensitometric strip
69
How are film contrast and latitude related?
Inversely (Wide latitude is low contrast-for chest; High contrast is short contrast)
70
H&D curve: Steep slope with the shoulder at density=4 represents what kind of speed, latitude, and contrast?
```
Speed = fast
Latitude = short/narrow
Contrast = high
```
71
H&D curve: A gradual curve that has a shoulder of 2 represents what kind of speed, latitude, contrast?
speed=slow
latitude=long/wide
contrast=low/short
72
How do you set the Speed Index?
Expose a fresh 8x10" film with sensitometer. Measure the radiographic steps with the densitometer, then choose the optical density closest to 1 on the sensitometric stip to equal the speed index.
73
How do you find the Contrast Index?
It's the difference in the radiographic density between the speed index reading and the optical density reading (using the densitometer) that is 2 steps darker on the sensitometric strip
74
How do you you identify the Gross Fog Index?
It's the the Base of the H&D curve plus any fog (usually 0.15-0.20). It is the inherent optical density of the film before it has been exposed.
75
Is a higher Gross Fog Index a faster or slower film?
Faster
76
When processing film Safe Lights inside a dark room need to be?
* at least 4 feet from work area
* proper bulb size (can't exceed 15 watts)
* filter on light that doesn't allow a spectral emission within the sensitive range of film being used (don't want to expose film)
77
Film processing: The film should not be exposed to more than ________ minutes of "safe light"
3
78
If the "safe light" filter has a spectral emission of cherry-red then what is the spectral sensitivity?
green- or blue- sensitivity
79
Manual Film Processing: What's the optimum time and temperature for immersion of film in developer?
5 minutes and 68 degree Farenheit
80
Manual Film Processing: After rinsing the developer off the film you want to immerse the film in fixer for how long?
10 minutes
81
Manual Film Processing: After fixing the film, washing, and rinsing you'll dry for how long?
20-30 minutes
82
The Developer qualities are: Activator, Reducing Agent, Preservative, and Restrainer. What are the characteristics of the Activator?
The Sodium Carbonate softens the gelatin protective cover on the film
83
How does the Developer act as a Reducing Agent?
The Hydroquinone Reduces EXPOSED silver halide to black metallic silver
84
What preserve the developer by preventing oxidation?
Sodium Sulfite
85
What chemicals in the Developer act as a Restrainer (prevent over development)?
Potassium Bromide and Acetic Acid
86
Clearing agent is the Fixer is__________ and it dissolves undeveloped____________.
Ammonium thiosulfate; silver halides
87
The Tanning Agent of the Fixer is______ _____.
Potassium alum
88
The Activator of the Fixer is _____ _____, which neutralizes the developer, stopping the development process & maintains the _____.
Acetic Acid; acid pH
89
Automatic developers are a clean, convenient method. The temperature is higher or lower than the manual developer?
Higher (92-96 degrees F vs. 68 degree F)
90
With automatic developer systems there's constant agitation of chemicals and rapid through-put of film (90-180 seconds). This is good if you take a lot of films. What's the consequence if you don't take a lot of films & the processor is running all day?
* Increased rates of chemical replenishment (b/c chemicals degrade faster)
* If under-replenishment there will be loss of contrast (more gray) and loss of film density
91
What's the consequence if the chemicals in an Automatic Developer system are over-replenished?
loss of contrast (increased fog) and waste of chemical
92
In the dark room, what are causes of lowered contrast (more gray) on a film?
* safe light fog (over 3 min, sensitive to spectral emission)
* room temp/humidity too high
* chemical fog from processor (too hot)
* chemical fog from chemicals (too concentrated)
* film is expired
93
What are 4 quality control steps that should be done every 1-2 months?
1. complete chemical change and tank cleaning
2. check replenisher rates
3. check cycle time (adequate warm-up and temp. check)
4. sensitometric evaluation
94
What are 3 interaction of X-rays with matter?
1. Coherent Scattering
2. Compton Effect
3. Photoelectric Effect
95
What happens with Coherent Scattering?
1. photon enters atom
2. photon's energy transferred to atom, causes an excited state
3. energy given up as a photon of the same energy, but with an altered direction
(low energy photon changes direction. wavelength is unchanged)
96
What happens with the Compton Effect?
Impact with outer orbital electron results in a lower energy photon with a new direction. This is the most common radiation interaction in the body.
97
What happens in the Photoelectric Effect of radiation and matter?
Photon collides with inner orbital electron causing outer orbital electron to change shells. Creates Character Radiation.
98
What does Tissue Volume do to affect scatter radiation production?
The greater the tissue volume -> the greater the interactions ->increase scatter
99
How does increased kVp affect scatter (Secondary radiation/fog) production?
Increased energy increases the # and energy of scattered photons. Also, scatter is more able to escape subject without being reabsorbed (each photon can cause multiple scattered photons of various types with sufficient energy)
100
How does increasing mAs affect scatter production?
Increases the # of photons = increases interactions = increases scattered photons
101
What does a grid device (placed b/t patient and film) to scatter radiation?
It controls/reduces scatter on film by absorbing scatter
102
What is the Air Gap technique and what's the purpose?
It decreases scatter by increasing the OID
103
When OID increases the magnification (penumbra) increases. How is magnification reduced when OID is increased?
Increase the SID
104
Would the field size be increased or decreased to control/reduce scatter?
Decrease
105
How does kVP reduce scatter?
When decreased
106
What is the Grid ratio?
Height(lead strip)/Width(interspacing material) = H/D
107
What grid ratio is best for spinal anatomy?
10:1 or 12:1
108
How is effectiveness of a grid determined?
By the Grid Ratio (H/D)
109
What are the results of higher grid ratios?
* decrease direction variation permitted
* require more precise alignment of x-ray beam
* require more exposure
110
What is the grid Frequency?
Number of lead strips per inch
111
What kind of grid aligns the lead strip with the direction of the diverging primary x-ray beam?
Focus Grid
112
When the focus grid is aligned at a specific SID what is that called?
Grid Radius
113
What is the distance at which the primary beam is parallel to lead strips?
Grid Radius
114
What is the range of SID's which the grid will work acceptably (another way said: the range of distances the grid won't absorb remnant radiation)?
Grid Focal Range (example a grid with a 40" radius may have a focal range of 36-48")
115
What kind of grid has lamination of 2 grids with lead strips perpendicular to each other?
Cross-hatch grid
116
What is a moving grid called?
Bucky
117
What does moving the bucky during exposure do to the exposure?
Blurs the image of the grid lines so the grid image is not visible on the film
118
What happens with stationary grids?
They don't move during exposure, many very fine lines per inch to avoid objectionable grid lines
119
How many lines per inch do stationary grids have?
103 lines/inch
120
What is the undesirable attenuation of the primary x-ray beam (due to misalignment between the grid and x-ray beam)?
Grid Cut-Off
121
When do you not have a Grid Cut-Off?
When x-ray beam is off-center to one side of the grid (rather than the focal center line)
122
What happens when the grid is tilted, x-ray beam is angled across grid, when SID is outside focal range, grid is reversed?
Grid Cut-Off
123
When do you absolutely have to use a grid?
When the body part exceeds 12 cm
124
What happens to density when increase mA?
Increases
125
When increased time what happens to density?
Increase
126
When decrease kVp what happens to density?
Decreases
127
When decreasing the grid ratio what happens to density?
decreases
128
When increasing film speed (sensitivity) what happens to density?
Increases
129
When increase screen speed what happens to density?
Increases
130
When patient or part size increase what happens to the density?
decreases
131
When developer time &/or temperature increases what happens to density?
Increases
132
When developer strength increases what happens to density?
Increases
133
When does a developer decrease density?
When it's weak or exceptionally strong (due to over-action of glutaraldehyde preventing full development)
134
Increased SID _________ density.
Decreases
135
Increased OID will _________ density.
decrease (somewhat due to decreased secondary radiation)
136
A major reduction in field size ________ radiographic density due to decreased secondary radiation.
decreases
137
How is contrast primarily controlled?
kVp and by controlling secondary radiation fog
138
What reduces contrast?
Fog
139
What produces fog?
secondary radiation, accidental radiation, processing chemicals, exposure to darkroom chemical fumes, safelight, film age, poor film storage
140
Contrast suffers when patient size increases or decreases?
Increases
| b/c have to increase mAs creating more scatter/fog AND inc. tissue volume absorbs more radiation creating more scatter
141
Scatter has more energy when kVp is ___________, which increases contrast and reduces fog.
Higher
142
Increasing the OID (Air Gap), reducing the amount of scatter and _________ contrast.
Increasing
143
Reducing the field size reduces the amount of scatter and __________contrast.
Increases
144
Grid prevents scatter from reaching film, thus ________ contrast.
Increasing
145
Increasing the grid ratio improves efficiency of scatter control, thus_________contrast.
Increasing
146
What happens to kVp and mAs when trying to increase contrast?
dec. kVp by 15% and multiply mAs by 2
147
What happens to kVp and mAs when decreasing contrast?
Increase kVp by 15% And Divide mAs by 2
148
When measuring radiation exposure and dose what are the conventional units?
Roentgen (R), rad, rem, Curie
149
When measuring radiation what are the international (SI) units of exposure and dose?
Coulombs/kilogram (C/kg), Gray (Gy), Sievert (Sv), Beckquerel
150
What SI unit matches the Roentgen (R)?
Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg)
151
What SI Unit = rad?
Gray (Gy)
1 rad = 0.01 Gy
1 Gy = 100 rad
152
What SI unit = rem?
Sievert (Sv)
1 rem = 0.01 Sv
1 Sv = 100 rem
153
What SI unit = Curie?
Becquerel
154
What is the measurement of the ionization of dry air when and x-ray beam passes through?
Roentgen
155
What is rad?
Radiation absorbed dose (measures dose to a specific tissue)
156
What is rem?
Radiation equivalent in man
157
X-ray photons have a quality factor of ______.
one (the higher the number the more efficient at ionizing a tissue)
158
Explain why 1 Roentgen = 1 rad = 1 rem for clinical purposes?
Since QF x rad = rem and QF for x-ray is 1. (QF = quality factor & rem = R in man)
159
1 mr (milliroentgen) = ______ ; 1 mrad (millirad) = ______ ; 1 mrem (millirem) = _______
0.001 r; 0.001 rad; 0.001 rem
160
Entrance skin exposure (ESE) doses are highest in what kind of radiographs compared to other plain film studies?
Spinal radiography
161
What imaging has a much higher ESE than plain film?
CT
162
To determine focus to skin distance: measure patient (in inches) and the OID then summate, then subtract from what?
SID
163
To calculate patient dose use the focus-skin distance on graph to find exposure (mr/mAs). How would the ESE be calculated?
mr/mAs (graph) x mAs (used/known) = mR
164
What's the percentage of cellular damage (from photon interaction) that is repaired within 3 days?
95%
165
What Laws describe Cell sensitivity?
The Laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau
166
Cell sensitivity affects the age of cells when young or old?
The young cells are more sensitive
167
How is the differentiation of a cell affected by cell sensitivity?
High differentiated cell is less sensitive.
| Simple cells are more sensitive.
168
How does cell sensitivity affect Mitotic rate?
Rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive
169
What type of Metabolic rate is most cellularly sensitive to radiation?
Cells that use energy rapidly are more sensitive
170
What are types of radiation effects?
* Somatic (affecting the irradiated individual)
* Genetic (passed on to future generation)
* Early (observed w/in months of exposure)
* Late (latent, manifest after 5-30 years)
* Stochastic (probabilistic, random)
* Nonstochastic (deterministic, predictable-due to exposure)
171
What affect of radiation is random and probabilistic (proportional to exposure volume) but the severity is not really affected?
Stochastic affect (causing: Cancer, Leukemia, Mutagenesis)
172
Low dose exposure effects are generally _________ .
Stochastic
173
Are Stochastic effects somatic or genetic?
Can be Either
174
Severity of Nonstochastic affect from radiation is proportional to _______.
Dose (generally after large dose)
175
What are 3 short-term nonstochastic effects?
1. GI syndromes
2. Hematopoietic syndrome
3. CNS syndrome
176
Late nonstochastic effects are?
Cataracts, fibrosis, organ atrophy, loss of parenchymal cells, reduced fertility, sterility
177
Nonstochastic effects are somatic or genetic?
Somatic
178
What does Human mortality (LD 50/30) = ~300 rad mean?
LD 50/30 = death to 50 percent of an exposed population within 30 days when exposed to catastrophic whole body doses
179
Low dose is now considered to be an exposure to ionizing radiation of _____ rem.
0-20
180
At what trimester of pregnancy is there an increased risk of spontaneous abortion with radiation exposure?
Trimester 1
181
At what trimester of pregnancy is there an increased risk of birth defects with radiation exposure?
Trimester 2
182
What effect model says there is a dose below which no negative effect occurs?
Threshold model
183
What effect model suggests there is no safe dose and all exposure is deleterious?
Non threshold model
184
We use the threshold model does that mean it's accurate?
No, we use because we opt for better safe than sorry perspectives
185
What hypothesis states that a little bit of radiation can be good for you?
Hormesis
186
Is there a human model that backs up Hormesis?
No, only an animal model
187
How is Hormesis controlled when applying to humans?
Relies on threshold model for radiation exposure. (i.e. ALARA and Risk/Benefit Ratio)
188
What was the annual radiation dose per capita in the early 80's that was comprised largely by natural causes?
360 mrem per capita (~1 mrem per day)
189
In 2006, man made radiation exposure rose to about 1/2 of annual radiation dose per capita, why?
Mostly due to diagnostic imaging dose per capita, which rose about 600% or 6 times the amount from the 80's
190
What does ALARA stand for?
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
191
What are 6 important strategies to comply to ALARA?
1. take imaging only with potential patient benefit
2. use machinery that is working properly and possesses up to date dose-reduction technologies
3. AVOID retakes
4. collimate to area of clinical interest
5. use appropriate shielding
6. use low dose techniques
192
What are 2 modern technological ways to reduce dose/exposure to patient?
1. use rare earth screens (only 25% exposure vs. calcium tungstate)
2. use high frequency generators (reduce dose by 30-50%, compared to single phase generators)
193
How do radiation control inspectors look for evidence of collimation?
There must be at least 3 margins of collimation on every radiograph
194
How do you ID patients benefit for taking x-ray?
ID diagnostic needs by taking history and physical exam, consider pregnancy, consider other diagnostic procedures, obtain previous diagnostic exams, "treat and wait" (wait for x-ray to not affect treatment)
195
How do you avoid retakes?
keep equipment and accessories in good working order, processor quality control, MEASURE CAREFULLY, have a reliable technique chart, establish good routines and follow them
196
When collimation to "spine only" on an AP thoracic view how much does it reduce exposure (vs. a full-film exposure)?
Reduces by 50%
197
When gonads are in primary beam and shield must be used if:
it will not interfere with examination
198
Is contact or shadow shielding more effective?
Contact
199
Which view is better for females to reduce breast and ovary dose?
PA views (vs. AP)
200
What are other sensitive organs that are important to shield?
Eyes & Thyroid
201
When are fastest screens and films with acceptable resolution used?
Low dose technique
202
Low dose technique increases or decreases kVp?
Increases (up to an acceptable contrast)
203
What is the minimum SID?
40" (for low dose)
204
What is the minimum filtration for low dose technique?
2.5 mm Al equiv
205
Decreasing Fog levels are important after exposure of film to x-ray. There can be increased fog when the temperature of the___________increases.
Developer (maintain proper temperature of developer)
206
Research shows potential for harm when exposure occurs at any stage of pregnancy. When are fetal doses highest?
With lumbar and pelvic radiography
207
What is the 10 day rule?
Direct pelvic radiation to fertile females should be done only during the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle (day 1=blood flow/menses)
208
What is the exception for the 10 day rule?
Emergencies
209
If pregnancy can occur during any part of the menstrual cycle then what does that say for the 10 day rule?
It is not valid
210
When is personnel radiation exposure monitoring legally required?
When a radiation monitoring expert deems it possible that an individual would receive as much as 25% of the maximum permissible dose.
211
What are some ways to monitor personnel exposure?
* Pocket dosimeters (ionization chambers)
* film badges (dental film packets in badge)
* TLDs (thermoluminescent dosimeters utilizing lithium fluoride crystals
* OSL (optically stimulated luminescence)
212
What monitor is most economical, but least accurate?
Film badge
213
What personnel monitor is most precise?
Pocket dosimeters
214
What are the most practical and more highly used device by occupationally exposed individuals in medicine?
OSL's (optically stimulated luminescence)
215
What's a newer name for Maximum permissible dose (MPD)?
Effective Dose Equivalent (EDE)
216
What are the EDE limits for an adult non-pregnant worker?
5 rem/year (limited to 1.25 rem/calendar quarter)
217
What is the EDE for pregnant workers?
0.5 rem/9 months
218
What is the EDE for workers under 18 years old?
0.5 rem/year (a little higher than pregnant worker)
219
What is a safety rule for workers in outpatient x-ray facilities that says they should NEVER ______ patients or _____ during exposures.
hold; films
220
Who owns the radiographs?
The facility/practitioner who took the film
221
What information is HIPAA covered materials?
All information (practitioner/facility is responsible to ensure the safety and security of the image )
222
Is it okay to lend films to other practitioners?
Yes, but there must be a record of who has the film and they must be returned.
223
What does Radioparent mean?
Not having the hapbit of absorbing X-Rays
224
What is the reflective layer of intensifying screen made of?
Titaneum Dioxide
