TEST 2

Question 1

Examples of naturally occurring sugar?

Answer 1

Fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products

Question 2

What are added sugars?

Answer 2

Sugars refined from plant starch (sugar beets, sugar cane, corn)

Question 3

Sugars per se?

Answer 3

essentially all the same, sugars that are added and naturally occurring are the same

Question 4

Calorie Density-sugar consumption

Answer 4

less calorie density then foods with added sugars, more calories per similar volume

Question 5

Nutrient Density-sugar consumption

Answer 5

OJ-sugar is naturally occurring, so they come with naturally occurring nutrients

Question 6

phytochemicals-sugar consumption

Answer 6

loss of phytochemicals in sugar added food

Question 7

What is ketosis?

Answer 7

when ketone levels rise

Question 8

what are ketones?

Answer 8

produced from fat when there is a lack of carbs, incomplete fat catabolism for energy

Question 9

what are the benefits of ketones?

Answer 9

• feeds the brain

- appetites gets blunted

Question 10

what are the adverse effects of ketones?

Answer 10

• not sustainable for a very long time

- smell ketones on their breath

Question 11

what is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 11

making glucose from a non-carbohydrate source, occurs when someone is starving

Question 12

what happens with ketoacidosis?

Answer 12

you can die from it, blood becomes acidic (change of pH)

Question 13

what is a monosaccharide?

Answer 13

one sugar molecule

Question 14

examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 14

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 15

what are disaccharides?

Answer 15

two sugar molecules

Question 16

examples of disaccharides?

Answer 16

sucrose, maltose, lactose

Question 17

what are oligosaccharides?

Answer 17

short chain carbohydrate chain of 3-10 sugar units, easy to break down, pure CHO

Question 18

what are polysaccharides?

Answer 18

> 10 sugar units, usually 100’s to 1000’s, examples:starch and glycogen

Question 19

glycogen in the liver?

Answer 19

also can store it, but very generous

Question 20

glycogen in the muscle?

Answer 20

extremely selfish, either going to use it or pack it away for use later, for itself

Question 21

what kind of linkage does starch have?

Answer 21

alpha-linkage (shaped like a v)

Question 22

what kind of linkage does fiber have?

Answer 22

beta-linkage (shaped like a sideways z)

Question 23

what is the us recommendation for fiber intake?

Answer 23

25-30 grams/day

Question 24

what is the ave. american fiber intake?

Answer 24

12-15 grams/day

Question 25

what are the two types of water soluble fiber?

Answer 25

gums and pectin

Question 26

what are the sources of water soluble fiber?

Answer 26

all plant foods, many fruits and vegetables, oat bran, oatmeal, most legumes, peanuts, psyllium seeds (commercial laxatives)

Question 27

what are the functions of water soluble fiber?

Answer 27

softens stools, helps manage blood cholesterol just like drugs

Question 28

how does water soluble fiber help manage blood cholesterol?

Answer 28

-increases bile and dietary cholesterol secretion, and increases their excretion and decreases their absorption, and it is partially digested by bacteria ( produces gas and proprionate)

Question 29

what is proprionates role in the body?

Answer 29

we absorb it into the blood, and it goes to the liver and says to decrease cholesterol synthesis

Question 30

what is insoluble fiber?

Answer 30

rigid plant structures (woody fibers of celery or broccoli, cereal bran)

Question 31

sources of insoluble fiber?

Answer 31

whole, refined grains (wheat, rice), wheat bran, many vegetables, fruits and legumes

Question 32

function of insoluble fiber?

Answer 32

increase fecal bulk, stimulates the large intestine to contract, and helps moves food thru digestive tract (*goes through the GI tract virtually intact)

Question 33

what are the health benefits of foods high in fiber?

Answer 33

-decreases risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering blood cholesterol; increasing intake of phytochemicals (which provide the body